Title: Aglomerado Productivo Forestal Misiones y Corrientes Norte (PI-TEC 007-06)

Authors: Mac Donagh, Patricio; Berger, Silvina; Ziegler, Alex

Thema: 5. Development opportunities
Subtheme: 5.2 Industry and forest development

Abstract of the paper: El Aglomerado Productivo Forestal Misiones y Corrientes Norte es un proyecto que tiene por finalidad formalizar un Cluster Forestal que integre la innovación productiva entre las pequeñas y medianas industrias (pymes), el sector de investigación y el estado de las provincias de Misiones y Corrientes. En esta región, se concentra el sector forestal más importante de Argentina, ya que representa el 70% de la producción nacional. A su vez en Misiones existen unas 600 pymes y en Corrientes unas 300. El sector se encuentra en un período de franco crecimiento, lo que significa tanto la expansión territorial, aumento del número de empresas participantes, incremento del valor del producto generado, y un perfil fuertemente exportador. El objetivo general del proyecto es lograr una sinergia entre los sectores, en la cadena de valor forestal para sustentar una dinámica de innovación tecnológica, para el desarrollo productivo ambientalmente sustentable, apoyados en recursos humanos altamente capacitados; a través de la promoción de la inversión, la investigación y el desarrollo, impactando sobre el crecimiento de las pequeñas y medianas empresas, y generando una distribución equitativa de la riqueza. La articulación de las actividades se realiza a través de un Plan de Mejora de la Competitividad, que se realizó por medio de una construcción participativa del sector y que concluye en 22 líneas de acción que visan el logro de los objetivos enunciados. Este proyecto está administrado por una Fundación, que está integrada por una mayoría del sector privado, representados por las asociaciones de empresas que existen en la región. Luego para la implementación de las acciones, se cuenta con un fondo de financiamiento de proyectos que contemplen la innovación en el sector. Esta cartera está compuesta por créditos para modernización, subsidios para innovación, y fondos especiales para capacitación. Esta Fundación centra entonces sus actividades en la promoción, administración y seguimiento de los proyectos que se están llevando a cabo y el desarrollo de nuevas líneas de financiamiento para poder abarcar las diferentes necesidades del sector. A la fecha, se ha conseguido beneficiar a más de 30 empresas, con distinto tipo de herramientas, que se corresponden a las líneas de acción antes mencionadas. Se percibe la concreción de una nueva forma de trabajo basado en la interacción pro-activa entre las cámaras empresariales, el estado y las instituciones de investigación. Este es el primer cluster forestal de Argentina, y uno de los pocos formalizados en Latinoamérica.

Email: patricio.macdonagh@gmail.com, silvinaberger@yahoo.com.ar, zieglermayp@gmail.com

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Title: Agricultural and Forest characterization of home yards at Quilombola Abacatal Community in Pará State, Brazil

Authors: Gaspar Freitas, Glaudecir; Luis Grisi Macedo, Renato; Venturin, Nelson; Lemos Costa, Kamila

Thema: 2. Producing for development
Subtheme: 2.3 Agroforestry systems

Abstract of the paper: The objective of this study was to characterize the structure and functionality of yards at the Quilombola Abacatal community in Ananindeua-Pará state, Brazil (South Latitude 1º 25’11,44” and West Longitude 21’10,17”, 17 meters altitude, metropolitan region of Belem, Para´s capitol). In Brazil, Quilombola communities are those with origin on group of slave refugees at 19th century. The study was carried using interviews, informal talks and direct observations of 45 families that represent 86.5% of total community. The interviews were done at their properties, at their community center, at the mill and at their own school. The animal and plant survey as well as yard measurement were done locally, with help of local specialized people. To collect this information, 45 yards were used with 1.62 hectare size. A total of 138 plant species were identified, used as fruit, medical, ornamental, vegetable and wood sources, randomly stratified and distributed in 37% herbaceous, 32% ponytail bushes and 30% trees; in 27 properties, all combined with extensive exploration of chicken (82%), turkey (7%), ducks (4%) and semi-extensive swine (7%). The yard maintenance is done mainly by women, followed by husband and sons. Three quarters of all harvested is used for self feeding and the remaining sold. The products that result in larger incomes are cupuaçu (Teobroma grandiflorum), açaí (Euterpes oleracea), pupunha (Guilielma gasipaes), umari (Poraquiba sericea), abacaba (Eunocarpus bacaba), biriba (Rollinea mucosa), uxi (Endopleura uchi) e piquiá (Caryocar villosum), as well as chicken and duck´s commercialization. All yards contain agriculture and forest and they are located nearby the houses. The yard structure is not regularly arranged in relation to species distribution. The vertical and horizontal profiles of landscape are, however, explored differently, with predominance of herbaceous, ponytail and tree species, with different ages. With the sequential harvestings with time, a nutrient depletion is supposed to happen at the soil and a reducing trend can be expected on the nutritional sustainability of these systems.

Email: GGF@YAHOO.COM.BR, RLGRISI@UFLA.BR, VENTURIM@UFLA.BR, KAFLORESTA7@GMAIL.COM

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Title: Agroclimatological zoning of Pinus in Espirito Santo State, Brazil

Authors: Pezzopane, Jose Eduardo Macedo; Castro, Fábio Da Silveira; Pezzopane, José Ricardo Macedo; Cecilio, Roberto Avelino

Thema: 2. Producing for development
Subtheme: 2.2 Planted forests

Abstract of the paper: A agroclimatological zoning was elaborated to determine the suitable areas for growing Pinus elliottii Engelm var. Elliottii, Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis Morelet, Pinus taeda Loblolly Pine and Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schltdl in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It was used meteorological data from 1977 to 2006, from eighty rainfall posts of the Water National Agency (ANA) located within the state and sixteen posts surrounding states, eleven weather stations belonging of the Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (INCAPER) and three weather stations of the Instituto Nacional d Meteorologia (INMET). Multiple regression equations have been developed using a statistical linear models based on latitude, longitude and altitude, for estimation of air temperatures (minimum, medium and maximum), monthly and annual to state of Espírito Santo. The spatialization of temperature was made using a digital elevation model (MDE), obtained through radar data from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission), and regression equations adjusted. Using data of air temperature and precipitation made the calculation of the water balance climatologic as Thornthwaite & Mather (1955), adopting a storage capacity of 300 mm. In the present work were specialized by different techniques of interpolation weather the following parameters: precipitation, water deficit, water surplus, potential evapotranspiration, actual evapotranspiration and water availability were specialized by different techniques of interpolation. Based on the thematic maps of average air annual temperature and water deficit, a reclassification was done according to the climatic requirements of each species and then overlay this information, thereby thematic maps of agroclimatic zoning of the species studied. The results showed that the multiple regression equations with linear adjustment, considering altitude, latitude and longitude, were satisfactorily estimated of the normal average temperatures, maximum and minimum monthly and annual. The method of “kriging” was the most efficient for the spatialization of climatic parameters, based on the lower value of the root of the average error quadratic (REMQ) and other parameters calculated that helped in choosing the best model. The state of the Espírito Santo showed areas climatically suitable for all species of Pinus, and the species Pinus caribaea var. hondurensis showed the biggest climatically suitable areas compared with the species Pinus elliottii var. elliottii, Pinus oocarpa, Pinus taeda, which due to its climatic requirements, showed lower climatically suitable area.

Email: pezzopane2007@yahoo.com.br, fabiosilveira_70@hotmail.com, josepezzopane@ceunes.ufes.br, racecilio@yahoo.com.br

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Title: Agroecologia, bosques y biodiversidad - Él metodo MESMIS y sus implicaciones para la conservación de la naturaleza

Authors: Gonçalves, Ana Cecilia; Pina-Rodrigues, Fatima Conceição Marques

Thema: 1. Forests and biodiversity
Subtheme: 1.4 Contribution of biodiversity

Abstract of the paper: El desarrollo de este proyecto tiene como objetivo promover la consolidación de la línea de investigación Indicadores de Sostenibilidad y Gestión Ambiental en Agroecosistemas de PPG en Agroecología y Desarrollo Rural, el aumento de la producción científica y académica. La hipótesis planteada por el proyecto que aquí se presenta es que los Sistemas Agroforestales (SAF) es una tecnología de producción alternativa, porque los sistemas son económicamente viables, ambientalmente sostenible y socialmente equitativa. Por lo tanto, esta propuesta tiene por objeto proporcionar subvenciones para la vigilancia de los sistemas agroforestales para la recuperación de áreas degradadas mediante indicadores ecológicos-ambientales y proponer alternativas sostenibles para el área de estudio. La expectativa, sin embargo, es que la metodología propuesta ya ha sido probado de manera coherente, que permita la evaluación de la sostenibilidad como la SAF de los sistemas de producción y conservación, y son, en esencia, para una fácil identificación viable y el seguimiento a las realidades de las comunidades locales y los asentamientos rurales y que puede ser capaz de replicarse en otras áreas de los SAF´s. El trabajo se desarrollará en lo asentamiento de la reforma agrária IPANEMA I y 2, entorno de la FLORESTA NACIONAL de Ipanema, en el municipio de Iperó-SP Brasil. Se utilizará como indicadores la entrada de “litterfall”, la lluvia de semillas, el banco de semillas del suelo y la tasa de detección de herbivoría. Más adelante, en forma participativa, el mapa se genera a partir de los indicadores con las comunidades locales. Se espera que este proyecto para proporcionar subvenciones a supervisar la capacidad de restaurar las funciones ecológicas de los sistemas agroforestales, los resultados ayudará con subvenciones para el desarrollo de las políticas públicas sobre el uso de sistemas agroforestales en las unidades de conservación y en las zonas de permanente. Estas discusiones están en curso en el estado de São Paulo, a través del proyecto del FMAM de la Secretaría de Medio Ambiente. Así, también esto proyecto se propone a hacer uma contribuición política articulado con la dicusión estadual.

Email: anacecilianativa@gmail.com, fpina@power.ufscar.br

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Title: Agroforestry based models for cultivation of medicinal plants for diversified farming in Haryana, India

Authors: Sharma, Avinash Kumar

Thema: 7. People and forests in harmony
Subtheme: 7.1 Land tenure

Abstract of the paper: Medicinal plants are in high national and global demand. In India, majority of these resources are extracted from natural reservoirs (forests) leading to more often over harvesting. The market demands and quality produce for such resources can be met with cultivating the desirable species. However, the land resources are a major constraint since diversion of agricultural lands in agricultural countries like India and other developing countries shall cause lower area sown for major food crops therefore resulting in food insecurity. However, in the recent past millions of hectares of agricultural land in Indian Indogangetic plains have been utilised for agroforestry crops. Eucalyptus and Poplar are the most prominent tree crops. Since the conventional food crop yields become uneconomical after three years of tree crop installation, the farmers more often prefer to leave the understory unutilised or raise fodder crops which are not very lucarative options. Therefore, the farmers are looking forward to using these areas for cultivating some other crops, which can get better economic returns. As a result, these plantations can serve as appropriate land resources for cultivating shade loving or tolerant medicinal plants to optimise the landuse and provide alternative income activity to farmers. The present paper describes the biologically comaptible, physically possible and economically viable models developed by the author using eucalyptus and poplar plantations. Four medicinal plants (Asparagus racemosus, Ocimum sanctum, Withania somnifera and Andrographis paniculata) and having high market demands in Ayurvedic system of Medicine have been demonstarted successfully to diversify the current croping systems in Haryana, a sub tropical climate. These models have been successfully adopted by farmers in Haryana and also in adjoining states of Punjab and Uttarakhand.The paper shall present the approaches and experiences including the economics of cultivation of medicinal plants under the agroforestry crops. These models can be repilcated elsewhere in tropical countries practicising similar agroforestry crops.

Email: avinash_fri@yahoo.com

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Title: Agroforestry in waterlogged areas of north-west India

Authors: Ram, Jeet Ram; Dagar, Jagdish Chander

Thema: 2. Producing for development
Subtheme: 2.3 Agroforestry systems

Abstract of the paper: Rise in ground water table followed by waterlogging and secondary salinisation of soils has become a serious problem in canal irrigated areas located in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. To combat the problem, an agroforestry model of biodrainage was tested in waterlogged area of Haryana state (north-west India) in which 10% area (0.44 million ha) has already become waterlogged resulting in reduced crop yield and abandonment of agricultural lands. In this model, four parallel strip-plantations of clonal Eucalyptus tereticornis (Mysure gum) were raised in December 2002 on four ridges constructed in north-south direction in 4.8 ha waterlogged area. The strip-plantations were spaced at 66 m and each strip-plantation contained 2 rows of plants at a spacing of 1 m x 1 m resulting in a density of 300 plants/ha. Levels of ground water table were measured over 3 years (April 2005 to April 2008) in 22 observation wells installed in 2 transects across the strip-plantations. The ground water table underneath the strip-plantations remained lower than the ground water table in the adjacent fields and the drawdown in ground water table during a period of 3 years was 0.85 m. Rate of transpiration (May 2008), measured with sap-flow meter, was 50 litres/day/plant which was equal to 438 mm/annum against the mean annual rainfall of 212 mm. Benefit-cost ratio of first rotation (5.4 years) of strip-plantations was 3:1 against 1.3:1 of agricultural crops in Haryana and it would be 100:1 for next 3 to 4 rotations due to negligible cost of maintenance of coppiced Eucalyptus. Wheat yield (April 2007) in the inter-space of strip-plantations was 3.34 times the yield in adjacent waterlogged areas without plantation. This agroforestry model of biodrainage has proved a low-cost, socially-acceptable and eco-friendly technique for the reclamation of waterlogged areas and has been implemented on 2500 ha farmers’ waterlogged areas of Haryana during 2008-09.

Email: jeetramifs@yahoo.co.in, jcdagar@cssri.ernet.in

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Title: Agroforestry systems as suppliers of domestic and international timber market in Cameroon.

Authors: Robiglio, Valentina

Thema: 5. Development opportunities
Subtheme: 5.6 Forests and poverty alleviation

Abstract of the paper: Recent assessments suggest that the informal logging sector in Cameroon extracts its timber production, estimated in 2006 at about 1million cubic meters, mainly from the Non Permanent Forest Domain (NPFD), that is the land the State allocated to agriculture and agroforestry land use development. Indeed, some of the most important commercial timber species (Frake’, Ayous, Iroko), are found as remnant trees in shifting cultivation fields and fallows and in the traditional multistrata agroforests . However, a part from the potential productivity gains to the main crop ( e.g. for shading in cocoa plantations ) and to some Non Timber Forest Products, farmers have little consideration for high-value timber production as a source of income on a regular basis and for the management of timber resources as such on their agricultural land. Trees are felled and sold under the request of external middlemen coming from the main urban centers. At the present such practice of timber extraction escapes to any legal control and to any management model, which could assure a balanced exploitation and the maintenance of the social, economical, and ecological services those trees provides to the integrated agricultural system they belong to in the long term. Drawing on field analysis of agroforestry and shifting cultivation practices in the forest zone of Cameroon, integrated by interviews to key informants (farmers, logging operators, industrial buyers, researchers, and ministry officials), the present study sets out to make this resources management context explicit in order to assess its sustainability in the long term. We propose new research directions towards the identification of opportunities and risks of timber extraction in the shifting cultivation and multistrata agroforests and the definition of management and organization principle by individual farmers and local communities for a sustainable / low intensive timber production and extraction to integrate households and local community economy.

Email: valentina_robiglio@yahoo.fr

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Title: Agro-forestry Systems, Changes in the Conventional Agriculture and the Local and Sustainable Development

Authors: Alves, Arlete Maria Da Silva

Thema: 2. Producing for development
Subtheme: 2.3 Agroforestry systems

Abstract of the paper: The discussion of the Agro-forestry Systems promoted by some actors and their support institutions in Brazil and the formulations about the Local and Sustainable Development in this article are aimed at helping in the deepening of knowledge about these new practices occuriikng in diferentregions of the country. The agroforestry systems allow joint cultivation of food and trees, and this discussion seek to contribute to the formulation of sustainable socioeconomic alternatives for the agricultural and forest sectors in Brazil. It includes the discussion of agro-forestry systems and the new socio-environmental practices and socioeconomic and institutional relations developed for the design of such practices and processes of Local and Sustainable Development that works toward the reduction of social, economic, political inequalities and environmental degradation in the different ecosystems, biomes and regions of the country. The discussion of the agroforestry systems and the formulation on the Local and Sustainable Development seek to contribute to the implementation of such practices in different regions of the country. It is hoped to able to argue that when supported by research, extension and adequate institutional mechanisms, these systems can be extended to other areas, biomes and ecosystems, with the appropriate technologies, qualifications and adaptations to different realities (as land settlements, agroforestry corridors, etc.) and contribute to changes in conventional agricultural practices and paradigms for the different kinds of producers in the agricultural and forest sectors in Brazil, as the family agriculture for example, and to viable processes of Rural and Sustainable Development in this and other countries. The paper is divided in 5 partes. The first will be a background on Agriculture and forest sectors, the second on studies and experiences on Agroforestry Systems, the third on the strategy of local and sustainable development, the fourth will make a syntetsis of the discussion and the last will make some conclusind remarks. Key Words: Agro-forestry Systems, Conventional Agriculture, Local and Sustainable Development

Email: amalves@ufu.br

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Title: AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS: RELATIONS BETWEEN ITS COMPONENTS, ECONOMIC, ECOLOGICAL, POLITICAL, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL INFLUENCES

Authors: Pelemo, Oluwole John; Oladoye, Segun; Olatoye, Tolulope Ayodeji; Samuel, Adejumoke Adetoun

Thema: 2. Producing for development
Subtheme: 2.3 Agroforestry systems

Abstract of the paper: An agroforestry system is the physical grouping components connected in such a way that they form a unique entity and or act as such. The deliberate association of woody perennials with other animals and plants production which is the main concept of agroforestry systems as therefore in their interaction present to some varying degrees a certain number of advantages in the economic, ecological, political, social, and cultural influences which are discussed. Sustainability and crop security is considered as economic advantage of agroforestry as sustainable landuse which has become widely employed for development. Other economic benefits of agroforestry include job creation, increase in social or living standard of the rural populace in terms of providing raw materials at the primary level of production to the secondary which is the industries in furniture production, pulp and paper mostly through the wood products of agroforestry, pharmaceutical, cosmetics among others. Agroforestry as it restores biodiversity maintain the ecological balance on the land resulting to production and conservation. The environmental influence reduces environmental risks like climate change, desertification, erosion, animal and plant diseases, water wastage and soil degradation arising from human activities such as mechanized farming, roads constructions and urbanization. Therefore, agroforestry components in turns enhance the environment and make it worth living for human, plants and animals. The political influence of agroforestry helps in the policy formulation and solves problems of differences in landuse pattern, while managing the interest of the increasing populace for housing, urbanization and agricultural production. Observation of the political influence of agroforestry is important as it contributes to the sustenance of the forestry sector, important for the conservation, management and sales of forest and agricultural produce; this contributes to Gross Domestic Product. The political influence in Nigeria over the years led to the establishment of forest reserves. Notable social developments in Nigeria are done through forestry such as construction of roads, bridges, rural development, and farmers’ extension services. These aforementioned change the social and cultural standard of people. Advocating for an intensive extension service to educate the public on modern agroforestry. Policies to ensure its emulation and joint mobilization for the task should be carried out which will promote all these favorable relations of agroforestry systems with other aspects of the society.

Email: pelemo.john@yahoo.com, segulus11@yahoo.com, toluolatoye@yahoo.com, jumyinktee@yahoo.com

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Title: Agroforestry: An insurance against adverse climatic conditions for a desert farmer

Authors: Mutha, Sarita; Karn, S.Udhir Kumar

Thema: 3. Forests in the service of people
Subtheme: 3.6 Valuation of environmental services and benefit sharing

Abstract of the paper: Abstract: Considering the fast increasing demand for food, fodder, fuel, fertilizer, timber and other products from the shrinking per capita land resources, adoption of high yielding, more remunerate, cost effective, compatible and multipurpose system is a dire necessity. This is not only to help in fulfilling vast demands of fast growing population in a sustainable manner but will ensure environmental stability and economic security to rural people. In India, during the last two decades the prices of agricultural commodities have in general increased by almost three to four times but in case of forestry products, e.g. timber, firewood and charcoal, etc. the prices have increased by fifteen to twenty times. This change in price structure has made tree growing a highly profitable and competitive land use in some areas. During last two decades, farmers have resorted to planting of trees on farm bunds along canals, paths, around houses/ well etc and harvested rich dividends. In some areas even good agricultural land has been diverted for tree farming. A study was conducted in the parts of Rajasthan to assess importance of various traditional agroforestry models and there socio economic importance in that system. In desert soils, which are characterized as sandy, thirsty, poor in humus and water holding capacity and high salt content suitable species are Prosopis cineraria (Khejri), Ailanthus excelsa, Acacia tortilis (Vilayati Babul), A. senegal (Kumat), A. nilotica (Babul), Zizyphus mauritiana (Ber) Salvadora oleoides and S. persica in association with different crop sequences were studied. The Prosospis cineraria based agroforestry model proves to be the most socially acceptable, ecologically friendly and economically viable model among all the others in the region. The economic returns from Khejri over sole agricultural crop vary between Rs. 6,400- 22,400. The paper deals with comparison of various existing traditional agroforestry models in the arid zone of India on the basis of social acceptance and their economic importance. Key words: agroforestry, Prosopis cineraria, socio economic, Indian desert

Email: sarita@icfre.org, karnsk@icfre.org

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