Titulo: Efectos del sistema de subsidios forestales en cuencas de especies de rápido crecimiento

Autores: Braier, Gustavo

Tema: 6. Organizando el desarrollo forestal
Subtema: 6.2 Instrumentos de planificación y desarrollo forestal

Resumen: La política de subsidios para promover plantaciones forestales es una práctica habitual que ha tenido poco análisis en cuanto a su gradación y efectos. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de planificación de largo plazo basado en la técnica de programación lineal. El mismo permite visualizar los efectos de aplicar distintos niveles de subsidios y sus efectos posteriores. El subsidio a las plantaciones forestales con especies de rápido crecimiento tiene como justificación la búsqueda por superar la incertidumbre que genera el largo plazo de maduración de esta inversión en países que habitualmente tienen un riesgo alto asignado por su inseguridad jurídica y su inestabilidad económica. El subsidio viene a paliar esa sobre exigencia en el retorno económico, influido por el riesgo. En los resultados del trabajo realizado con el modelo que tiene como función objetivo la maximización del valor agregado en la región, queda de manifiesto que cualquier nivel de subsidio, sin superar los costos de plantación, es insuficiente si los mercados de los productos obtenidos sobre la base de esas plantaciones no ofrecen rentabilidad. También se destaca en este trabajo que en función de las demandas de rentabilidad de los plantadores, de los industriales y de las tasas de crecimiento de los árboles, los niveles de subsidio entre regiones y especies varía. La política habitual de ofrecer iguales niveles de incentivo, independientemente de las necesidades de rentabilidad a cubrir en cada caso, sería incorrecta. Por último, para un caso determinado, se realiza la optimización de la cuenca con y sin la aplicación del sistema de subsidios con el objeto de analizar el retorno real en niveles de actividad y valor agregado que se genera con el agregao de los subsidios. Se parte de la base de que, aún sin subsidios, aquellas actividades forestales e industriales que sean rentables, igualmente se llevarán adelante. En suma, se deja planteado un sistema de toma de decisiones para funcionarios públicos que deban analizar este tipo de políticas activas.

Email: braier@papyro.com

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Titulo: Efectos edáficos sobre la fenología reproductiva de 4 familias de especies perennes de Salinas Grandes, Provincia de Catamarca (Argentina)

Autores: Karlin, Marcos; Contreras, Ana; Karlin, Ulf; Coirini, Rubén

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.4 Contribución de la biodiversidad

Resumen: En la República Argentina las zonas áridas y semiáridas, comprenden un 70% de su superficie. Estas áreas presentan ambientes salinos en posiciones bajas de relieve, siendo la región de Salinas Grandes, ubicada en el centro-oeste, la principal área salina del país. Dichas áreas presentan en su generalidad diversos sub-ambientes distribuidos a manera de parches en los cuales se desarrollan determinadas formas de vegetación. En el presente trabajo se compararon las relaciones entre los patrones fenológicos reproductivos de diferentes especies de leñosas y suculentas de cuatro familias botánicas y las características ambientales de siete sub-ambientes identificados en la región de Salinas Grandes, Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina. Los diferentes sub-ambientes se diferencian entre sí principalmente por la salinidad del suelo, existiendo un gradiente decreciente desde el centro de la salina hasta las zonas más altas, donde predomina la vegetación típica del Chaco Árido. La hipótesis que se busca probar es que muchas especies locales florecen y fructifican en diferentes fechas dependiendo del sub-ambiente en el cual se encuentran instaladas. Los datos fenológicos fueron tomados al azar a través de observaciones visuales de comunidades vegetales en distintos puntos de la cuenca, identificando el sub-ambiente al cual pertenecían las especies consideradas. Las precipitaciones correspondientes al ciclo estudiado (2007/2008) se midieron en cuatro puntos estratégicos del área de estudio a través de estaciones meteorológicas instaladas en dichos sitios. En cada sub-ambiente se determinó conductividad eléctrica (1:1) a una profundidad de 0 a 20 cm por medio de conductímetro a partir de muestras compuestas en época seca y época húmeda. Los datos fueron contrastados estadísticamente a través de análisis de varianza y análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados muestran diferencias estadísticas significativas en las épocas de floración y fructificación según sub-ambientes, siendo la concentración salina un factor importante de dicha diferencia. Las lluvias producen distintas respuestas fenológicas según la especie evaluada y en relación con los distintos ambientes considerados. Son destacables las diferencias significativas que presentan las Quenopodiáceas observadas, en cuanto a su patrón fenológico en relación a las otras tres familias estudiadas. La fenofase inicio de floración de las demás familias estudiadas no se activan con la ocurrencia de precipitaciones, ya que comienza antes del período normal de lluvias, lo que indicaría que su patrón fenológico se activa probablemente por efectos de la temperatura y/o fotoperíodo. El conocimiento de las diferencias fenológicas reproductivas tienen gran valor en relación al potencial uso de estos ambientes.

Email: mkarlin@agro.unc.edu.ar, anamarina23@hotmail.com, ukarlin@gmail.com, rcoirini@agro.unc.edu.ar

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Titulo: Effect of Caragana Shrubs on the Soil Moisture and Vegetation Building at the Desertified Drylands in Ningxia

Autores: De Lin, Wang

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.3 Sistemas agroforestales

Resumen: The paper is based on the study on a Caragana shrub - grass trial plot which is extablished according to many years practices on the model in Ningxia Muslin Autonomous Region, Western China, Dry region. The monthly soil moisture by Caragana stands decreases from 1665 cluster/ha (10m row spacing) to 2490 cluster/ha (7m row spacing) to degraded sand land to 3330 cluster/ha (3m row spacing). This indicates: the higher the plant density, the more the water consumption and the less stability the forthcoming plant community. To keep the equilibrium of soil moisture in the Caragana stands at the drylands in Ningxia, therefore, the plant density should be less than 2490 cluster/ha (7m row spacing) and the optimal density should be 1665 cluster/ha (10m row spacing). he vegetation coverage of the Caragana stands with shrub density of 2490 and 1665 cluster/ha was 12.2% and 15.85% higher than the degraded sand land while that of 3300 cluster/ha was 8.54% lower. The structure of plant community on degraded sand land was simple and unstable with annual herbs of C. hyssopifolium and S. collina as the leading species while the accompanying species including A. arenaria and C. komarovi. These are species of low quality. Planting Caragana shrubs on degraded sand land provided the growth of high quality species with better conditions for the favorable succession of plant community, the leading species of which include P. contrasiaticum, S. viridis, L. secalinus and A. membranaceus. With the Caragana density of 1665 and 2490 clusters/ha, it was observed that the index of bio-diversity of plant community was higher with more stable structure. In Conclusion, shrubs spp. should be the major species in the vegetation rehabilitation at the desertified drylands in Ningxia, in particularly the leguminous shrubs with multiple functions such as of sand fixation, wind breaking, soil fertility improvement, fodder production and fuelwood supply.

Email: liujinlong_jl@hotmail.com

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Titulo: Effect of Catalyst and Fortifying Agent on Fumaro-Pimaric Rosin Properties

Autores: Winarni A, Ina; Wiyono, Bambang

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.2 Industria y desarrollo forestal

Resumen: Fortified rosin as one of rosin derivatives finds its wider uses. As such, Indonesia ranks the third as the world’s rosin-producing country, and unfortunately the resin fortification technology is not yet well developed there. In relevant, this research was conducted as initial step to look into appropriate technology of rosin fortification to produce the so-called fumaro-pimaric rosin. In this experiment, the rosin was brought in from East Java and then incorporated in the fortification process using fumaric acid as fortifying agent at particular levels (2-12 %), assisted by benzene as well as acetone catalysts. It turned out that benzene catalyst afforded better colour appearance of the resulting fortified rosin (i.e. fumaro-pimaric rosin) than acetone, with a recovery of 70-96%. On the other hand, the use of both catalysts brought out the colour of fumaro-pimaric rosin that could satisfy the colour requirement according to Chinese and American standards. Further, the addition of fumaric acid in fortified rosin making led to an increase in acid number that could also met with the acid number requirement according to Chinese and American standards. The use of fortifying agent/fumaric acid at 12% (for benzene catalyst) and at 8% (for acetone catalyst) produced fumaro-pimaric rosin that made the class-1 quality of Chinese and American standards. With respect to rosin qualities at such differing fortifying agent percentages, however, the use of benzene catalyst was preferred to acetone catalyst. Statistically, the increase in fumaric percentage in fortified making process for both catalysts gave a significant effect on fortified rosin properties. The relationship of fortifying agent levels (X) with softening point (Y1) and with acid number (Y2) of fumaro-pimaric rosin could be expressed in regression equations, i.e. Y1 = 66.41666 + 14.77138 X2 (R2 =0.97*), and Y2 = 181.087 + 15.36067 X2 (R2 =0.98*) for benzene catalyst, and Y2 = 200.399 + 1.97555 X2 (R2 =0.97*) for acetone catalyst.

Email: : inawinarni@yahoo.com, inawinarni@yahoo.com

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Titulo: EFFECT OF COMMERCIAL HORMONES ON ROOTING CUTTINGS OF ACACIA HYBRID CLONES

Autores: Hamzah, Aminah

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.4 Mantenimiento e incremento de la capacidad productiva de los bosques

Resumen: Abstract An experiment on rooting cuttings of Acacia hybrid clones was carried out on 30.4.2008 to produce planting stocks for further clone testing. Five stock plants of clones (89/1, M4, M5, 25/2 & 170/2) raised through tissue culture were planted in the nursery compound as source bush for cutting materials. The age of these plants were 6 months old. Three months after planting the stock plants were trimmed to 30 cm above ground. These plants were fertilized with granular compound fertilizer called NPK Green (15N:15P2O5:15K2O) at the rate of 50 g/plant/month. Cuttings from the branch shoots were harvested for the experiment 2 months after the stock plants were trimmed. The length of cuttings used was 15 cm long and the leaves were trimmed to ¼ of their size. The base of these cuttings was cut at a right angle and treated with commercial hormones: Seradix 2 (0.3% Indole butyric acid, IBA), Seradix 3 (0.8% IBA) and control (without hormone). Each treatment combination consisted of 60 cuttings and they were randomly planted in an enclosed mist propagation system in the media of cleaned river sand. The misting frequency was every hour with one minute duration of misting. Results 8 weeks after planting showed that there was no significant effect between clones and hormone treatments as well as their interaction on the rooting percentage of cuttings. All the 5 clones tested gave rooting of more than 80%. However, Seradix 3 was observed to accelerate rooting, i.e. 65% of cuttings were rooted 2 weeks after planting compared to 44% with Seradix 2 and 28% with control. In terms of number of roots, there was significant difference between clones and hormones used. The number of roots from clone 89/1 was significantly higher than those of clones 25/2 and 170/2. No significant difference was observed among other clones. As for the hormone treatment, only cuttings treated with Seradix 3 produced significantly higher number of roots (3.9) than Seradix 2 (2.8) and control (2.6 This experiment showed that planting stocks of Acacia hybrids can be propagated from shoots of branch cuttings and Seradix 3 can be used as hormone treatment as it not only produced highest number of roots but also accelerated rooting. The rooted cuttings reached a height of 30 cm 3 months after potting. Key words: vegetative propagation, IBA, branch cutting

Email: aminah@frim.gov.my

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Titulo: Effect of compression failures on water conductivity and wood formation in spruce trees subjected to strong winds

Autores: Bargdage, Stig; Fryk, Hans; Nylinder, Mats

Tema: 4. Cuidando nuestros bosques
Subtema: 4.3 Otros disturbios

Resumen: Effect of compression failures on water conductivity and wood formation in spruce trees subjected to strong winds Bardage, S. L., Fryk, H., and Nylinder, M. SLU, Department of Forest Products, Uppsala SWEDEN www.sprod.slu.se The storm Gudrun, in popular speech, was a strong hurricane in northern Europe on January 9, 2005. Winds of 25-30 m/s occurred in large areas of the south of Sweden. Approximately 75 million cubic meters of forest fell due to this hurricane. Three years later a relatively unknown damage that seams to have affected one third of the remaining trees in this area has been observed. A couple of meters up on some trees bumps can be seen standing out some centimetres. The action of the winds has bent the tree in such way that wood tissue was crushed in the vicinities of the areas where the inclination of the stem was as largest without causing snap of the stem or major failure. These areas have been covered by an abnormal tissue the following years building up the bumps seen on the surface of trunks. Examining some affected logs, internal cracks in the sapwood behind the bumps were observed. Compression wood formation was seen in the vicinities of bumps indicating that the stem has been put out of its original inclination. The bumps are mainly formed by an abnormal production of normal wood tissues containing a few very large fibres that resemble hardwood vessels. No sign of formation of mild compression wood in these areas was observed. Further more, after cutting fresh spruce logs it was observed that large areas of the sapwood surrounding the areas containing cracks were dry. We believe that the lost in water conductibility of the affected sapwood has triggered the formation of large quantities of normal wood containing large portions of earlywood tracheids to compensate for the loss in water conductibility of the sapwood. A similar phenomenon has also been observed earlier in Pine trees subjected to tapping for resin (Naumann et al., 1995). It was found that a loss of function of water conductivity in sapwood could originate due to deep crack formation from the tapping face and that moderately wide sapwood zones under the tapping face were contributing to water supply. Naumann, A., Habermehl, A., Ridder, H. W., and Katzel, R., 1995. Possibilities of water supply in the stem of Scots pine tapped for resin. Beitrage fur Forstwirtschaft und Landschaftsokologie. 29(1): 17-26

Email: Stig.Bardage@sprod.slu.se, Hans.Fryk@sprod.slu.se, Mats.Nylinder@sprod.slu.se

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Titulo: Effect of EB-Hydro-retention Hydroplane - towards the survival of eucalyptus seedlings, in the Dom Eliseu district in Pará(Brazil).

Autores: Veroneze, Alzemar José

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.4 Mantenimiento e incremento de la capacidad productiva de los bosques

Resumen: The expansion of forest plantations in Brazil to the North and Northeast have shown the need for the doption of new technologies to maintain competitiveness in forest production systems. Amongst them, mentioned is the use of absorbent polymers – gel - as a form of helping the planting during the yearly dry season or regions in which rainfall is extremely irregular. This is case of the Southeastern region in the State of Pará(Brazil), where characteristically rainfall is concentrated during November through May, and intense drought during the remaining months. Companies in this region are implementing forest industry and are searching for a way in which to streamline the planting during the whole year to keep the costs at a competitive standard. The focused objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different forms of using the EB Hydroplan – Gel- to improve the survival of eucalyptus seedlings in the Dom Eliseu district in the state of Pará (Brazil). Fifteen treatments and four repetitions, with different manners of using the “Gel” were provided, that were gathered into three different groups, with different doses and irrigation forms: wrapped, embedded, and pre hydrated. Were identified that the “wrapped” method showed one of the lowest percentages of seedling survival, when evaluated 10, 20 and 30 days after planting. The conclusion we came to was that the “embedded” system showed higher percentages of seedling survival when the system was used after planting and with the absence of pre watering. Also was verified that after 30 days, many of the “Gel” treatments had the same statistical behavior as of those without the “Gel”. However, those treated in the “embedded” form, with doses of 05, 10 and 15 grams of “Gel” per pit, and only one watering, showed a higher percentage of survival during the evaluated period. We also identified the necessity of further studies to evaluate the “Gel” effects in ‘clayish’ soil, with different watering intervals, inasmuch as the use within the researched area did not show similar results as compared to research in other areas of the country.

Email: alzemar.veroneze@vale.com

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Titulo: Effect of fertilisation, scarification and establishment on pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) damage on Norway spruce seedlings on fresh clearcuts in southern Sweden

Autores: Wallertz, Kristina

Tema: 4. Cuidando nuestros bosques
Subtema: 4.2 Especies invasoras, enfermedades y plagas

Resumen: Abstract Pine weevils (Hylobius abietis) feeding on the stem of young conifer seedlings is a major problem in forest regeneration, it is in fact one of the most economically important forest pests in Europe. Feeding causes girdling and increased mortality or severe damage and reduced vitality to seedlings. A newly planted seedling also suffers from stress and it will need time for establishment in order to grow roots for nutrient and water uptake. This study was designed to examine whether it is possible to shorten the time when seedlings are susceptible to pine weevil damage. The effects of fertilisation, scarification and establishment were studied. Fertilised seedlings were “loaded” during the autumn before planting, for “unloaded” seedlings fertilisation ceased after the summer. Soil inversion was used as scarification method and control seedlings were planted in humus. In order to give the seedlings time for establishment, without damage by pine weevil, a plastic collar was used for protection during different periods of time, no protection, protection for the first five weeks and for the whole first season. The result for seedlings without any protection showed that fertilisation had no effect on pine weevil feeding, the average debarked area was 2.5 cm2. Scarification significantly reduced pine weevil damage, three weeks after planting mortality was 50% for seedlings planted in humus compared to 15% for seedlings planted in soil inversion. Comparison between seedlings were the plastic collars were removed after 5 weeks and unprotected seedlings showed that mean debarked area after one season was the same, in average 3,5 cm2. but mortality was significantly lower for protected seedlings. Since there were no difference in size of the seedlings between the different treatment the reason for reduction in mortality might be that early establishment without damage enhance the ability of defence of the seedling. After two seasons seedlings protected for one season and planted in scarified plots had lowest mortality (25%) while the same protection but planting in humus resulted in much higher mortality (62%). Mortality for seedlings protected for the first five weeks was significantly higher after two years in the field. The conclusion of this study is that fertilisation did not affect pine weevil feeding, scarification and time for establishment reduced mortality.

Email: kristina.wallertz@esf.slu.se

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Titulo: Effect of Forest based livelihoods and alternative non forest based livelihoods in Participatory Forest Management: A case of Eastern Arc Mountain and Coastal forests of Tanzania.

Autores: Meshack, Charles

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.6 Bosques y alivio de la pobreza

Resumen: The Participatory Forest Management (PFM) has become a key strategy in forest management of Tanzania since its inception in the early 1990s. The paper sets out to discuss some of the lesson learnt from the Tanzania Forest Conservation Groups’ PFM Programme which is being implemented in the forests of high biodiversity of coastal and Eastern Arc Mountain of Tanzania. The learning highlighted the role of PFM in supporting improved livelihoods through innovation in natural resource based livelihoods (forests and non-forests). The methodology involved a case study of two sites. Tools used included Participatory Rural Appraisal, complemented by focused group discussions. Through the practical implementation and field based experimentation a number of lesson learnt have been observed. PFM projects have predominantly focused on promoting alternative income generating activities, both forest and non-forest based livelihoods. The reason for this seems to be due to assumption that providing alternative livelihoods would reduce pressure to forest resources and improve community livelihoods. This paper argues that this situation has three main consequences for PFM effects. The first is that promotion of forest based livelihoods increases value to forest resource hence improves forest management. The second is that forest product supply and demand resource flows if managed properly could meet the market demand. The third, those alternative non forest based livelihoods could reduce pressure on forest resources if only the alternatives livelihoods developed are aimed at reducing the forest threats as part of the solution. It appears therefore that there is a need to look for multiple sources of income in order to make forest management attractive and hence provide a sustainable basis for successful PFM. Without an economically incentives for PFM it is unlikely to be successful and sustainable. The paper concludes with two recommendations that: i) Sustainable forest management should be designed around both sustainable forest and non forest based livelihoods promotion; and (ii) Seeking partnership with private sector to develop forest based products and markets for those products.

Email: cmeshack@tfcg.or.tz

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Titulo: Effect of hormones on calogenesis and endogenous sugars in Caesalpinia echinata (Lam.) - brazil-wood - cultured in vitro

Autores: Pescador, Rosete; Schmitt, Juliane Luiza; Chu, Edison Paulo; Figueiredo-Ribeiro, Rita De Cássia L.

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.6 Prácticas de aprovechamiento forestal

Resumen: : Factors have influence in the callus induction, among them hormones and carbon source. This study aimed to elucidate aspects of the association between growth regulators, sucrose exogenous and endogenous carbohydrates in the callus of brazil-wood. Thus, leaves of brazil-wood were removed from seedlings and inoculated into the LPm culture medium (Von Arnold and Eriksson, 1981), vitamins MS supplemented by the addition of 4µM of glutamine, 7g/L agar, and distributed to 5 treatments with different concentrations of sucrose, 2,4-D and BAP: T1=9.04 µM 2,4-D, 0µM BAP and 0µM sucrose, T2=0µM 2,4-D, 6.66µM BAP and 29.24µM sucrose, T3 =9.04µM 2,4-D, 6.66µM BAP and 58.47µM sucrose, T4=11.31µM 2,4-D, BAP 0µM and 87.8µM sucrose, T5=11.31µM 2,4-D, 6.66µM BAP and 116.95µM sucrose, kept in the dark. After 50 days of culture, was observed friable callus in T3, T4 and T5, at a frequency of 97%, 88% and 93% of explants, respectively, and they were with different collors. It shows the efficiency of hormones and sucrose to induce callus in brazil-wood. The treatments T3 and T5 with BAP in the culture medium, favored the increase in levels of total soluble sugars in the callus of brazil-wood, at 120 days of culture. The decrease in the levels of starch at 120 days of culture can be a consequence of its hydrolysis, indicating that the brazil-wood cells were not able to form organized structures. Qualitative analysis of soluble sugars showed the presence of sucrose, myo-inositol, fructose and glucose, and it´s were higher at 120 days of culture in callus of T3 and T5, and less at T4. The sucrose was the sugar predominated in callus in all treatments at 70 and 120 days, except in T3 at 70 days. So, it´s may have occurred, because the exogenous sucrose in the culture medium, or because fructose and glucose were lower than sucrose. The high levels of sucrose, the appearance and color of callus may be a sign that they are not able to induce the differentiation in their cells, then promoting only the callus in leaves of brazil-wood, as found in this study.

Email: rosetep@furb.br, juliane.lu@gmail.com, chu07@hotmail.com, ritarib@usp.br

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