Titulo: Colonization-extinction dynamics of epiphytic species in a boreal forest landscape

Autores: Katja, Fedrowitz; Kuusinen, Mikko; Snäll, Tord

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.2 Deforestación y fragmentación de bosques

Resumen: In order to judge species extinction risk in changing landscapes due to forestry or climate change we need to understand the spatial dynamics of species living in changing landscapes. We study the metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics of epiphytes that are confined to aspen (Populus tremula) in the boreal forest landscape. Colonization and extinction events were recorded in 2008 at a study site that was initially surveyed in 1994. Study species are the epiphytic lichens Nephroma bellum, N. resupinatum, N. parile, N. laevigatum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Leptogium saturninum, Protopannaria pezizoides, Parmeliella triptophylla, and the epiphytic moss Neckera pennata. We test the relative importance of connectivity, local conditions and species interactions on colonizations of, and extinctions from trees. Local conditions to be tested are e.g. tree diameter, bark cover, bark fissure depth, and other epiphytic species growing on the same tree. The presentation will show the most important factors explaining colonization and extinction dynamics of the study species including the role of metacommunity dynamics for epiphytic lichen species. In order to judge species extinction risk in changing landscapes due to forestry or climate change we need to understand the spatial dynamics of species living in changing landscapes. We study the metapopulation and metacommunity dynamics of epiphytes that are confined to aspen (Populus tremula) in the boreal forest landscape. Colonization and extinction events were recorded in 2008 at a study site that was initially surveyed in 1994. Study species are the epiphytic lichens Nephroma bellum, N. resupinatum, N. parile, N. laevigatum, Lobaria pulmonaria, Leptogium saturninum, Protopannaria pezizoides, Parmeliella triptophylla, and the epiphytic moss Neckera pennata. We test the relative importance of connectivity, local conditions and species interactions on colonizations of, and extinctions from trees. Local conditions to be tested are e.g. tree diameter, bark cover, bark fissure depth, and other epiphytic species growing on the same tree. The presentation will show the most important factors explaining colonization and extinction dynamics of the study species including the role of metacommunity dynamics for epiphytic lichen species.

Email: Katja.Fedrowitz@ekol.slu.se, Mikko.Kuusinen@ymparisto.fi, Tord.Snäll@ekol.slu.se

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Titulo: Co-Management and Intergenerational Access to Resources: A Compromised State in Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary

Autores: Jamil Mahmood, Abu Rushed

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.3 Gestión y procesos participativos

Resumen: Forests render both a home and a livelihood for people living in and around them. Hence, an intricate relationship exists between forests and people, especially surrounding protected areas. Intergenerational access to resources is an elementary issue or indicator in approximating this relationship. To reconcile the needs of local communities with conservation, the Nishorgo Support Project (or Nishorgo) is supporting co-management (that ensures equitable access to resources and benefits of management activities) in five protected areas of Bangladesh, including Chunati Wildlife Sanctuary (CWS). Thus, in these protected areas, the assessment of intergenerational access to resources is of central concern. This study seeks to assess the intergenerational access to resources of three main groups of stakeholders (collectors, betel-leaf cultivators, and forest villagers), as identified by using ‘who count matrix’, participating in the co-management activities of Nishorgo in CWS by answering three fundamental questions: (1) “Is co-management effective in promoting maintenance of and access to resources?” (2) “Do forest actors enjoy a reasonable share of the economic benefits derived from forests?” and (3) “Do people link their own and their children’s future with the management of forest resources?” This study employs methods developed by the Center for International Forestry Research to assess intergenerational access to resources in three purposively selected locations of CWS. Generally, respondents perceived higher resource availability in the past, with decreasing availability of resources through time. Not all forest stakeholders feel they receive an equal share – or even a reasonable share – of the economic benefits derived from forests. However, there was general agreement among respondents about the distribution of forest benefits among the various beneficiaries and sites. It reveals that all respondents perceived that their access to those forest resources upon which their livelihood depends is better than it was for their grandparents. Though this was due to decrease in per capita private land that has resulted increased dependency on forest area for resources. However, findings reveal that intergenerational access to resources has not ensured, hence compromised in CWS. I conclude that Nishorgo’s conservation efforts will only succeed if local people can truly benefit, thereby ensuring their intergenerational access to resources. In this regard, Nishorgo’s initiatives to establish and ensure the full functioning of Co-management Councils and Committees can play a momentous role.

Email: ifescu@gmail.com

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Titulo: Co-management of natural forests and forest income in the Adaba-Dodola area, Ethiopia

Autores: Tesfaye, Yemiru; Roos, Anders

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.1 Manejo y dinamica de bosques

Resumen: Ethiopia is one of the poorest countries in the world. The majority of the population is dependent on agriculture and natural resources for their survival. Cultivable land and forest resources are the two critical natural resources that are affecting the rural poor mostly through their continued scarcity and degradation. Poverty reduction and environmental management are therefore closely linked since poor people generally are highly dependent on natural resources for their livelihoods. The Adaba-Dodola forest is part of the dry evergreen montane forests that once covered an extensive area of the Ethiopian highlands. It has been subjected to a continuous deforestation process to satisfy the demands of about 40,000 households residing in the adjoining areas. The area is since 1999 subject to a participatory forest management project where the implied population is organized in Forest Dwellers Association. The aim of our study was to identify and describe main livelihood strategies and the contribution of forest products to household income in the Adaba-Dodola region. The study examines the impact of co-management on different livelihood strategies and on forest utilization. One key theme of the study is to analyze how the existing institutional structure influences the identification, participation and representation of various stakeholders and interests. Questions within this topic are: “What are the major sources of benefits that are generated by the forest?”, “How are different types of households dependent on the forests over the year cycle?”, “Who wins and who loses from the co-management governance regime?” The study is based on extensive longitudinal interview surveys conducted in 2007-2008 where income and labor data is combined with attitudes and preferences. The results provide information about the forest’s economic significance for different types of households, main forest income and benefits, and inequalities between poor and more resourceful households in their forest use. Our survey investigation will generate information on the economic significance of forests, in particular how it can alleviate poverty among the local rural population. The results are discussed and compared with also other similar studies from other regions.

Email: yemiru.tesfaye@sprod.slu.se, anders.roos@sprod.slu.se

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Titulo: Combating Illegal Logging: The Role of Independent Third-Party Forest Certification

Autores: Welde, Allison

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.5 Certificación forestal

Resumen: The paper will illustrate and explore the role of independent third-party certification programs in combating global illegal logging and associated trade of illegally harvest products. Increasingly, retailers, manufacturers, and national governments are becoming more interested in ensuring that they are sourcing forest products from legal sources. This is evident in recent announcements of new public procurement policies and due diligence legislation announced related to the import and trade in illegally-sources timber products, by members of the European Union, Japan, and the United States, among others. In addition, major global retailers are becoming more aware of the importance of legally source wood products and are taking measures to ensure their products come from legally harvested forests. These initiatives and policies increase the liability on organizations that buy and sell forest products globally, as they will now be responsible for taking appropriate measures to ensure that they are not dealing, purchasing, or supplying illegal forest products. In most cases, the legislation or policy requires that certain sources of fiber are avoided, but they do not detail how a company is to do this. Several forest certification programs (SFI, PEFC, FSC) provide a mechanism for the avoidance of controversial sources including illegal sources of supply through chain-of-custody certification. SFI also does this through their offshore fiber sourcing requirements, while FSC uses a controlled wood mechanism. ForestTrends has held workshops in the US and China to raise awareness of illegal logging that have been supported by organizations such as the World Bank, USAID, and SFI. Forest Trends is an international non-profit organization that works to expand the value of forests to society and to promote sustainable forest management and conservation and will share these workshop themes and findings with regards to efforts to combat illegal logging world-wide. Forest Trends will look at the legislation and policies emerging worldwide aiming to stem the flow of illegal products from one country to another. SFI Inc., an independent, non-profit, North American forest certification program, will illustrate how forest chain-of-custody certification (using any CoC Standard, be it PEFC, FSC, or SFI) and how SFI fiber sourcing aids in avoiding forest products from illegal sources of supply and how these 3rd party certificates can potentially demonstrate due diligence for government agencies and corporations that are seeking to avoid illegal sources of forest products through procurement initiatives or emerging due diligence legislation, such as the US-based Lacey Act.

Email: Allison.Welde@sfiprogram.org

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Titulo: Combined effects of regeneration practices on damage to Norway spruce seedlings due to summer frosts

Autores: Langvall, Ola

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.2 Bosques plantados

Resumen: Frost damage is a common problem in regeneration of the boreal forest, due to frequent occurrence of frost nights during the active growth period, especially when regenerating with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) seedlings. On frost prone sites, where such frost nights can be expected almost every year, frost damage can seriously reduce tree growth during the first years of the new generation. Furthermore, timber quality can be reduced, as the development of multiple leaders and spike knots are common long-term effects of frost damage on Norway spruce. Microclimate and the timing of budburst are main factors, important for the frequency and severity of frost damage, that can be altered through silvicultural practices. This study investigated the partial and combined effects on summer frost damage from using a high shelterwood and scarification, to shift the microclimate, in combination with planted spruce seedlings of different provenances and seedling types, to shift the timing of budburst. On a frost prone site in south-central Sweden, a shelterwood consisting of about 150 25-m high Scots pines per ha was compared with a clear-cut area, and a scarification made as harrow strips, with about 20% of the mineral soil uncovered, was compared with a soil with intact humus layer. The local provenance was tested against a Belarusian provenance, and bare-rooted seedlings were tested against containerized ones. The design also approved testing different combinations of the methods. Among the four tested regeneration practices, the high shelterwood had the highest impact on the microclimate and thus on frost damage, while scarification had very little impact. Bare-rooted seedlings had a delayed budburst, compared to the containerized ones, especially the first year after plantation. Seedlings of Belarusian origin had also a delayed budburst compared to the local provenance, but very little the first year and increasing the following years. The study showed that the effects of the tested regeneration practices were additive. Thus, when combining a high shelterwood with plantation of bare-rooted seedlings of Belarusian origin, frost damage was almost non-existent, the same year as approx. 90% of the containerized seedlings of the local provenance, planted on a clear-cut were damaged by frost. To avoid summer frost damage in plantations of Norway spruce, it can be recommended to use combinations of the regeneration practices tested in this study, when regenerating severely frost prone sites with Norway spruce.

Email: ola.langvall@esf.slu.se

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Titulo: Combining interactive GIS tools and expert knowledge in validation of models of natural distribution ranges of key forest species in Latin America.

Autores: Castañeda-Álvarez, Nora; Van Zonneveld, Maarten; Scheldeman, Xavier

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.1 Situación de los bosques y técnicas para su evaluación

Resumen: As the basis for a threat assessment and evaluation of the in situ conservation status of economically and ecologically important tree species in Latin America, Bioversity International has started the preparation of detailed maps of the natural distribution of 100 key species. These species were identified based on priorization exercises of FAO and the Latin American Forest Genetic Resources Network (LAFORGEN). For many of these species, publicly available presence data is limited. The available data, combined with additional site figures provided by LAFORGEN members resulted in a database of 7,339 presence sites. Niche modeling, useful in overcoming the problem of a small number of observation points, will be applied to predict the natural distributions for each of the target species. This modeling technique creates an ecological niche based on environmental factors at the sites where a species has been observed and identifies areas with similar environmental conditions as zones where the species potentially occurs. An advantage of this method is that it can be applied systematically for large number of species, as is the case in our study. A significant challenge in niche modeling is to estimate how representative the predicted areas are for the real distribution ranges. As the obtained potential distribution ranges depend on the variables included in the model, on-the-ground expert knowledge can help to validate and fine-tune the modeled distributions. In order to define those models that best represent the distribution for the species in our study, different modeling scenarios were tested and for 6 test species alternative niche models were evaluated and validated by experts. Selected species are covering different ecological niches in Latin America and are: Annona cherimola Mill., Bactris gasipaes Kunth, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl., Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, Cedrela odorata L.and Prosopis chilensis (Molina) Stuntz. All niche models included the same 19 climate variables but they were complemented with different soil or vegetation type variables. For each species, distribution maps of the alternative niche models differed substantially. The different distribution maps were presented to the experts in a Google Earth interface, freely accessible on Internet. In this medium the experts identified those distributions that best correspond with their knowledge of the effective distribution. The niche model that was identified by the experts as best fitting, over all 6 species, will be the one used to predict the distribution of all target species.

Email: n.p.castaneda@cgiar.org, m.vanzonneveld@cgiar.org, x.scheldeman@cgiar.org

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Titulo: Comercio internacional de madera y deforestación en la segunda mistad del siglo XX. International wood trade and deforestation in the second half of the twenty century

Autores: Iriarte-Goñi, Iñaki; Serrano, Raul

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.4 Comercio de productos forestales

Resumen: Durante las últimas décadas, la deforestación que afecta a una parte considerable de los bosques del planeta ha despertado el interés de muchos científicos sociales. Desde mediados de los años 70 han proliferado los trabajos que tratan de acercarse a las causas generales de la deforestación, considerando, entre otras variables, el crecimiento de la población, la expansión de la superficie cultivada o el grado de apertura comercial de diferentes países. Sin embargo, ninguno de esos trabajos ha abordado los efectos que han podido tener sobre la deforestación dos variables que podrían considerarse claves, como son el consumo mundial de madera y el comercio internacional de madera. Según datos de la FAO, entre 1961 y 2005, el consumo mundial de madera ha crecido en términos físicos (metros cúbicos) en torno a un 50%. Pero ese incremento ha ido acompañado de un crecimiento mucho mayor de las exportaciones mundiales de madera que, en conjunto, han crecido en torno a un 350% durante el mismo periodo. En este contexto general, este trabajo analiza ese aumento del comercio exterior de madera indagando en las relaciones que han podido existir entre el mismo y los procesos de deforestación. Para ello se utilizan tres bases de datos complementarias: 1) datos de deforestación aportados por los diferentes Forest Resources Assesment (FRA, 1980, 1990, 200 y 2005) que permiten rastrear para varios cortes cronológicos la variación de la superficie de bosque por países; 2) Datos de la FAO (base de datos FORESTAT) que permiten reconstruir la producción las importaciones y las exportaciones mundiales de madera entre 1961 y 2005; 3) Datos de comercio internacional de Naciones Unidas (COMTRADE) que permiten calcular los flujos de comercio de madera entre países. El trabajo combina todos esos datos con la literatura existente sobre deforestación y sobre comercio forestal para lograr los siguientes objetivos: 1) una revisión de la literatura sobre las causas de la deforestación; 2) una descripción cuantitativa de la evolución a largo plazo (1961-2005) del comercio internacional de madera por regiones y de sus causas explicativas; 3) un análisis de las relaciones existentes entre los flujos de comercio internacional de madera y los procesos de deforestación para cinco periodos cronológicos diferenciados (finales de los 60-1980, 1980-1990, 1990-2000 y 2000-2005) haciendo especial hincapié en los países tropicales.

Email: iiriarte@unizar.es, raser@unizar.es

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Titulo: Commons in a Weak an Ambiguous Institutional Development: The Case of Cameroon’s Community Forests

Autores: Biyong, Martin

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.1 Tenencia de la tierra

Resumen: Community forests are part of the meaningful advance registered by forest policy in Cameroon since 1994 (Brown 2000). The creation and management of community forests aims at promoting public participation in forest management, facilitating community access to benefits accruing from forest exploitation, and contributing to poverty alleviation (Djeumo 1999). The central State has transferred to the local communities the right to establish community forests within community territories and the right to market products – including timber and a wide range of non timber products - upon a management agreement signed with the Ministry of Forests (Etoungou 2003). The area of a community forest should not exceed 5 000 hectares and should be exploited for a total period of 25 years. This experiment is unique in today’s central Africa, the home of the Congo home of the Congo Basin, known as the second largest rainforest of the world. Nevertheless, the forestry legislation in effect does not transfer neither any land title nor any ownership right to forests known today as community forests. In all the cases, the said forests remain under State ownership and administration. From the perspective of the local communities, these forests – as part of their customary lands – belong historically to them, despite the predominance of modern tenure law. This dualism of ‘property rights formation’ – full of tensions - is prevalent in all francophone Africa (Oyono and Barrow 2008 ). This paper explores ‘tenure practices’ in effect and implemented by both the local communities and the central State in Cameroon’s community forestry. It also analyzes discourses, conflict, and compromises emerging from this policy, legal, institutional and social conditions. It concludes by designing scenarios of forest co-ownership in the current context and their relevance to resource governance, accountability and local democracy notably, and poverty reduction.

Email: mbiyong70@yahoo.fr

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Titulo: Community benefits from a rehabilitated degraded forests in Karnataka State of India- a case study

Autores: Haque, M.S.

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.6 Bosques y alivio de la pobreza

Resumen: Karnataka Forest Development Corporation ( KFDC ) had submitted a forestry project to National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) for availing of subsidized credit under it’s Umbrella Project for Natural Resource Management ( UPNRM ) for rehabilitating 3000 hectare degraded forests in three districts of Karnataka State. On preliminary scrutiny, the corporation did not share much benefits with the communities, hence the project was not considered. However, before rejecting the project , a team of officers led by the author visited the project sites in Shimoga district and held discussions with the officials of KFDC, the village communities and the District Development Manager of NABARD. the old Eucalyptus and Acacia mangium plantations were harvested with yield of 100 tonne timber per ha under 8 year rotation. In another area, a new A. mangium clonal plantation was raised with more than 95% survival. On assessing the benefits it was found that the community received substancial benefits from the plantation activities of KFDC such as : 60% of the plantation cost towards unskilled labour was sourced from the neighbouring villages, the lops and tops were distributed free to the community for use as fuelwood and props for vegetable cultivation, barks after debarking the logs were distributed free to communities as fuelwood, KFDC allowed free grazing of the cattle after one year of planting which was one of the most important benefits shared with the community, it also allowed free fodder collection from the plantation site, A. mangium leaves were collected by the community for use as animal beds and for mulching of Arecanut ( Areca catechu ) plantations. Because of the plantation activities of KFDC, soil erosion was checked and ground water was recharged. On our suggestions KFDC agreed to organise the villagers into SHGs ( Self Help Groups) for community welfare activities, supporting villagers for undertaking scientific apiculture and allowing them to keep boxes inside the plantations during flowering season and undertake their need based capacity building. In one site of 32.7 ha , we could know that 30 families had used the plantation for cattle grazing. As per our observations and assessment, the plantation activity of KFDC provided many benefits to the communities and thus was eligible for support under UPNRM.

Email: haque.ms@rediffmail.com

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Titulo: COMMUNITY CONSULTATIONS ON USE AND MANAGEMENT OF PREFERRED NTFPs: A CASE STUDY OF THE FOUR ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF SWAZILAND

Autores: Dlamini, Cliff

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.7 Productos forestales no madereros

Resumen: Abstract Traditional forest management systems were part of daily life in the natural forest and woodland resources in olden days Swaziland. The objective of the study was to embark on community consultations to collect information on the communities’ perception of preferred edible and medicinal NTFPs, their direct uses, the existing management strategies, and the threats to forest biodiversity and the domestication and commercialization initiatives. The findings indicated that local communities lack knowledge of the existing policies and legislation that safeguard the sustainable use of NTFPs in the adjacent natural forests and woodlands, and further stated that there are no existing traditional local-level NTFP management systems. This is confirmed by the ongoing overexploitation and unsustainable use of NTFPs leading to the current accelerated rate of deforestation and forest degradation. Uncontrolled trade in NTFPs, by non-resident collectors, in Swaziland has been seen to be one of the predominant threats to forest biodiversity. This reaffirms the weak and ineffective national policies and legislation, and shows that the existing policies and legislation are not implementable. Proper and innovative policies and legislation need to be put in place to cope with the current challenges. The positive side is that local communities have identified potential threats to forest biodiversity. Though some of them may not be aware of the opportunity cost of the adjacent natural forests, all local communities are willing to participate in the conservation and sustainable use of the adjacent natural forests and woodlands. Most local communities already have initiatives towards selection of top priority species for domestication and commercialisation, and that is an opportunity for sustainable NTFP management and development. The institutional, cultural, socio-economic, ecological/environmental and policy issues raised by local communities in this study are crucial and essential elements for the formulation and development of guidelines for local-level sustainable management and development of NTFPs.

Email: cliff_dlamini@wvi.org or cliffsdlamini@yahoo.com

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