Titulo: Climatic suitability of cocoa targeting the occurrence of the disease-of-witch broom in Brazil

Autores: Campanharo, Wesley Augusto; Roldi Guariz, Hugo; Savoldi Picoli, Marcelo Henrique; Avelino Cecílio, Roberto

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.1 Manejo y dinamica de bosques

Resumen: The cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a perennial plant, belonging to the family Sterculiaceae, probably originated from the Amazon Basin and grown in tropical regions of the world. The interest of this kind is in the use of its seeds to produce cocoa butter and chocolate. Although the occurrence of natural cocoa is given in the Amazon, its commercial cultivation extends over wide geographical area, showing its ability to adapt to different weather conditions. The disease-of-witch broom, caused by the fungus Moniliophthora perniciosa, originated in the Amazon region and considered one of the most important of cocoa in Brazil, the largest economic impact of disease in the cocoa-producing countries of South America and the islands of Carib. To implement this study, were initially identified as potentially suitable climatic conditions for cultivation of cocoa in Brazil and the catch-of-witch, taking into account temperature and precipitation. It generated a database from 387 weather stations distributed by Brasil.Generated up maps of suitability cacauiculturas climate and areas of occurrence of the pathogen, which subsequently were superimposed, giving rise to the map of climate suitability of cocoa subject to the occurrence of broom-of-witch in Brazil and is divided into seven classes of fitness, ranging from areas suitable for cocoa without the occurrence of the disease to areas totally unfit. It emphasized that all maps were generated in the software ArcGis 9.2 ®. Thus it was observed that 33% of the country is in the class C (Zone able to cacauicultura, but with incidence of the catch-of-witch), 26% is in Class B (Area able to cacauicultura, but with restrictions for humidity), 22% is in the class G (Zone unfit); 12% is in class F (Zone with water restriction for the cocoa and occurrence of disease) and 7% is in the class E (Area with water restriction for the cocoa and of medium to high probability for the occurrence of catch-of-witch). Although Brazil has large area provides the cultivation of cocoa, the control measures aimed at reducing the initial inoculum, decrease the rate of infection or even to decrease the time of infection must be adopted, such as monitoring in times of higher incidence of disease , use of plants tolerant to the fungal infection, among others.

Email: wesley-ac@hotmail.com, hugoroldi@yahoo.com.br, marcelohspicoli@hotmail.com, racecilio@yahoo.com.br

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Titulo: Clonal repeatability for water content in Stone pine seedlings

Autores: Bilir, Nebi; Ulusan, M.Denizhan; Kuzugudenli, Emre

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.3 Restauración y rehabilitación de ecosistemas forestales

Resumen: Stone pine also called umbrella pine (Pinus pinea L.) is one of the most important forest tree species because of its valuable nuts for not only Turkey but also many mediteranian countries such as Italy, Spain and Portugal. It is also widely used in plantation of dry areas and landscape planning. Seedling Morphology and physiology are very important for the plantations. Height, root collar diameter, fresh and dry weights of root and stem were investigated in two-year seedlings, sampled from nineteen clones of Stone pine, at the end of growth period in November in the study. Clonal repeatability (broad sense heritability) for water content in root, stem and full (root+stem) of seedling and the characters, and correlations among the characters was estimated. Water content was higher than 100% in stem and full seedling, while it was 74% in root. Large differences among clones and within clone were found for the studied characters. The coefficient of variation among clones was higher than within clones. There were positive and significant correlations among characters. Clonal repeatability was higher than 0.6 for all the characters. Parental trees or seed production areas are selected initially according to their phenotypes for traits such as vigour, form, wood quality or other desired characteristics, which include general adaptability. However, when we know genetic information (e.g., genetic value of water absorbation), such information could also be used as a criterion of selection of seed production areas especially for plantation in problematic regions such as arid or semi-arid areas. Results of the study were discussed based on selection (i.e., seed stands) and establishment (i.e., seed orchards) of seed production and gene conservation areas, nursery practice (i.e., selection of seed trees), and breeding (i.e., resistance to arid areas) of the species. Results will play imporant roles in economical and biological successes of plantation/afforestation in arid areas such as survival.

Email: nebilir@orman.sdu.edu.tr, mulusan@sdu.edu.tr, emrekuzu@sdu.edu.tr

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Titulo: Close-to-nature forest management in China: operational system and recent practice

Autores: Lu, Yuanchang; Lei, Xiangdong

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.4 Mantenimiento e incremento de la capacidad productiva de los bosques

Resumen: Close to nature forest is regarded as the best way to reconcile the traditional objectives of timber production with the ecological functions of forest ecosystems because it allows environmental as well as productive aspects of forest management to be combined. It is potential to meet the requirements of China’s forestry development strategy which has expanded from timber production to promoting protection of existing natural forests and the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems for multi-purpose sustainable forestry. We tried to find the feasible executable system and methods for the transformation of plantations and natural forest management within the framework of close-to-nature forestry in recent years. The system developed is composed of the identification of forest succession development stages combined with vertical structure during forest lifespan, and forest development type design, and the corresponding silvicuture regime planning based on the improvement of target trees. We summarized the succession stages as forest establishment stage, competition and differentiation stage, dominant selection stage, close-to-nature (pre-mature) stage, and naturalness permanent forest stage (mature forest). Forest development type is the combination of potential nature forest vegetation, succession process with economic objectives of sivilculture and technical applicability. It covers stand condition, management objective, species composition, regeneration and recent management practice. Additionally, we reported the preliminary results on different forest management models under going, main stand parameters and the shot-term effects of the implementation of these models on tree growth, regeneration and biodiversity at demonstration sites across temperate, subtropical and tropical zone in China. Our efforts focused on degraded tropical forest, fast growing forest with sweetgum ( Liquidambar formosana Hance ) as dominant species, Yunan pine (pinus yunannensis) plantations and Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis) plantation. These practice proved that close-to-nature forest management is a workable way to facilitate the restoration of degraded forest ecosystems. Potential improvements were also discussed.

Email: ylu@caf.ac.cn, xdlei@caf.ac.cn

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Titulo: Cluster effects and firm-level collaboration as factors of business performance and internationalization of SMEs – Case Finnish sawmill industry

Autores: Lähtinen, Katja

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.3 Pequeñas y medianas empresas forestales

Resumen: The role of wood-based industry is crucial for the employment of rural areas in many countries, but it is currently experiencing escalating challenges for sustaining its business operations and reaching wider presence in the international markets. The business success of SMEs (small- and medium-sized enterprises) is expected to be greatly affected on one hand by the way they operate in their local clusters and on the other hand the formal and informal business networking with other companies located either in proximity or in more distant areas. Interaction between different stakeholders within a cluster (e.g., customers, firms operating in the same value-added chain, public sector representatives) may create positive spin-offs contriving comparative advantages within the business environment. Business networking provides an opportunity to specialize, share resources, create synergies and enhance competitiveness. The purpose of the study is to examine how the valuation of stakeholder linkages and network relationships in firm operations has affected the business performance and internationalization of Finnish medium-sized sawmills during the 2000s. Although the analysis concerns wood industry SMEs in one country, this new conceptual and methodological approach will be insightful for the forestry-dependent areas outside Europe. The data comprises firm-level financial accounting information and interviews made for the company managers. Financial accounting information is used for assessing multi-dimensional performance, firm-level growth and the level of internationalization. Interview data are used to measure stakeholder linkages, i.e., cluster effects and network relationships. The data are analyzed with a standard linear regression analysis and a multi-criteria decision analysis method. The results indicate that both stakeholder linkages and network relationships have had statistically significant impacts on the business performance of sawmills in the period of interest. In most cases both the indicators of stakeholder linkages and network relationships have shown positive impacts on their performance. Yet, in some occasions also negative coefficients have appeared. This outcome indicates that the effects of stakeholder linkages and network relationships on business operations are complex and the composition of their causes and effects may vary. In other words, although some indicator may support success in certain company operations, it may still have even adverse impacts on other business areas.

Email: katja.lahtinen@metla.fi

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Titulo: CO2 efflux in vertisols under different vegetative covers in northeastern Mexico

Autores: Cantú Silva, Israel; González Rodríguez, Humberto; Gómez Meza, Marco Vinicio

Tema: 3. Los bosques al servicio de la gente
Subtema: 3.2 Bosques y cambio climático

Resumen: Determinations of CO2 efflux, soil temperature and soil-water content were monitored between July 3, 2001 and January 29, 2002. At each sampling date, two daily measurements (at 08:00 and 14:00 h local time, named as morning and afternoon, respectively) were carried out. A dynamic closed chamber with a portable system EGM employing a infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) and a soil chamber (SRC-1) was used to assess soil CO2 efflux throughout the experimental period in vertisols under different land uses in northeastern Mexico: Pasture (Dichanthium annulatum), Leucaena leucocephala in an alley cropping system, a native and undisturbed shrubland plot, Eucalyptus microtheca plantation, and a Sorghum bicolor field. Results have shown that the Eucalyptus and Pasture plots showed a highly significant and positive linear relationship between morning and afternoon soil respiration rate and soil temperature, while no significant relationship between any soil temperature and soil respiration for Leucaena, Sorghum and Shrubland land uses was found. Soil temperature alone explained 68% of the variation in the efflux rate in Eucalyptus and 33% in Pasture. During the studied period, average morning soil respiration rates for all land uses ranged from 0.7 to 8.4 mmol CO2 m -2 s –1 (in Oct. and y Aug., respectively), while afternoon soil respiration rates ranged from 0.6 to 14.4 mmol CO2 m -2 s – throughout the experiment. Average morning and afternoon soil respiration rates showed the following decreasing CO2 efflux order among the five investigated land uses Pasture, Shrubland, Leucaena, Eucalytus and Sorghum, indicating that pasture plot showed the highest average morning and afternoon soil respiration rates 3.5 and 5.0 mmol CO2 m -2 s –1, respectively. In contrast Sorghum shows the lowest average morning and afternoon soil respiration rates 1.9 and 2.5 mmol CO2 m -2 s –1, respectively. The dry period has relevant influence in the vertisol structure, since the soil shrink and swell noticeably in response to low soil moisture content and that affect the reliability of the CO2 efflux measurement by the close dynamic chamber. This results show the need of research efforts in SWC of vertisols in dry periods, specially when the SWC drops below 15%, in order to understand the dynamics of the C balance of the different land uses.

Email: icantu@fcf.uanl.mx, humberto@fcf.uanl.mx, marcovgmeza@hotmail.com

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Titulo: COCONUT FIBRE-BASED INORGANIC BONDED BOARD: ITS PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES.

Autores: Ajayi, Babatunde

Tema: 5. Oportunidades de Desarrollo
Subtema: 5.2 Industria y desarrollo forestal

Resumen: ABSTRACT Inorganic-bonded fibreboards of 6 mm in thickness were manufactured from coconut fibres with Portland cement. The fibres were derived from the coconut bunch through beating process. The fluff materials were removed after the beating operation thereby separating the fibres from them. The fibres were pretreated with hot water for a period of one hour, and washed in cold water for ten minutes. This was done in order to remove water soluble chemicals which may likely inhibit the setting and curing of cement binder. Fibreboards were produced at two levels of cement/fibres ratio (CFR), three levels of curing reagent concentration (CRC) and board density (BD) respectively. This was done by measuring all the variables required for each fibreboards inside a plastic bowl and mixed together thoroughly to obtain mixtures free of cement/fibres lumps. Thereafter the mixture was spread inside a mould placed on metal caul plate that was covered with polythene sheet. Boards were kept under pressure for 24 hours after which they were removed from the mould. This procedure was applied to all the boards produced thereby given 18 treatment combinations. Boards were kept inside polythene bags for 28 days for post curing. In order to investigate the effects of production variables on board strength and dimensional movement, properties such as Modulus of rupture (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), thickness swelling (TS) water absorption (WA) and linear expansion (LE) were evaluated. From the study, as the production variables increased, the MOR and MOE increased in the same direction, but TS, WA and LE had inverse relationship with production variables. Their effects on properties examined were significant. The strongest and most dimensionally stable boards were produced at the highest levels of cement/fibres ratio, curing reagent concentration and board density as they exhibit highest resistance to bending force and dimensional movement. Coconut fibres proved to be suitable for the production of Inorganic-bonded fibreboards with cement binder after hot water washing. The study provides an avenue for further research on the use of other agricultural residues for Inorganic-bonded composites manufacture

Email: babatundeajayi2000@yahoo.com

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Titulo: COLINIZACION DE RAUKAUA LAETEVIRENS, HEMIEPÍFITA, SOBRE EUCRYPHIA CORDIFOLIA EN UN BOSQUE VALDIVIANO COSTERO EN LA ISLA DE CHILOÉ.

Autores: Peña-Lagos, Maria Paz; Carrasco-Farias, Natalia V.; Díaz, Iván; Peña-Foxon, Maurice; Tejo, Camila

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.1 Situación de los bosques y técnicas para su evaluación

Resumen: Los bosques templados del sur de Chile se caracterizan por presentar un dosel multiestratificado con abundancia de árboles emergentes. Un emergente típico de los bosques valdivianos es el Ulmo (Eucryphia cordifolia Cav.), especie que frecuentemente se encuentra colonizada por el arbol hemiepifito Sauco del Diablo Pseudopanax laetevirens (Gay). Sin embargo, ejemplares mas jóvenes de Ulmo no se encuentran colonizados por Sauco. No se conoce que características de los Ulm permiten que el Sauco los colonice, así como tampoco se conoce el efecto de esta hemiepifita sobre el crecimiento del Ulmo hospedero. En este estudio estamos analizando esta dinámica de colonizacion en base a las siguientes predicciones: La colonización depende del tamaño del ulmo, depende de la cantidad de suelo epifito presente en el ulmo, y la presencia del Sauco afectaría al crecimiento del Ulmo. Para evaluar estas predicciones estamos contrastando el área basal del ulmo y la cantidad de suelo epifito presente en el ulmo con el área basal del sauco, accediendo al dosel mediante técnicas de escalada de árboles. Además, estamos colectando tarugos de ulmo y sauco usando taladros de incremento, para fechar la colonización del ulmo y analizar la tasa de crecimiento de ulmos con y sin sauco usando medidas de anchos de anillos. Nuestros primeros resultados muestran una relación positiva entre el área basal del ulmo y el área basal del sauco, y muestran que el sauco se desarrolla bajo el follaje del ulmo, por lo cual no estaría compitiendo por luz con el árbol hospedero. La presencia de sauco aumentaría la abundancia de otras epifitas, ya que su presencia genera mucha heterogeneidad en el dosel arbóreo. La obtención de los siguientes datos mas los futuros análisis de anillos de crecimiento nos permitirán descubrir los mecanismos de esta colonización y analizar los efectos del sauco sobre el ulmo y sobre el resto de la comunidad de epifitas del dosel. Financiamiento: Fondecyt1050225-FondapFondecyt15010001-Canon National Parks Science Scholars Program.

Email: mppena@gmail.com, nataliacarrascof@gmail.com, diazi@ufl.edu, maurice.pena@tele2.fr, camith@gmail.com

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Titulo: Collection and marketing of NTFPs

Autores: Elabass, Mahasin Ahmed

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.7 Productos forestales no madereros

Resumen: The general objective of this study was to investigate the contribution of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) to the livelihood of households in rural areas of Shiekan Province in North Kordofan State. Specifically the study aims at: a) identification of categories of beneficiaries and their social characteristics related to collection, use and marketing of NTFPs and b) exploration of the relationship between certain socioeconomic factors on the one hand and collection, use and marketing of NTFPs on the other hand. Data were collected using a social survey. The results showed that, farming was the major activity throughout the rain fed study area. NTFPs activities provide one of the potential alternative occupations during the slack period. More over division of heads of households into gender shows that females are also heads of households by a percentage quite near to that of males. Fuel wood appeared as one of the most important NTFPs for the households in the study area. In general, in addition to fuel wood thirty-four NTFPs were collected and used consumed or marketed by households in the study. The most important of these products, depending on the count of collectors, are the products of the following species: Zizyphus spina-christi, Balanities aegyptiaca, Adansonia digitata, Acacia nilotica, Tamarindus indica, Cassia senna and Grewia tanex (Nabag, Laloub, Gunglaize, Garad, Aradieb, Sannamaka and Gudiem, respectively). The common collection system practiced in the study area under rights bestowed was for utilization at home level and sale in the local markets. The study showed that a number of socioeconomic factors are related to collection and marketing, in particular, gender. NTFPs are common property in the communal land, while they are private in family land. The fruit was the main part used also the leaves, seeds, branches, flowers, stems, and roots were used. The main uses were confined mainly in food, drink, fuel and medicine. Forage, cosmetic and some home industries also mentioned as uses. The households get revenue or some incomes from selling NTFPs. Markets are dispersed and of ephemeral nature the bulk of trade was local between household and traders. Collection and marketing of NTFPs was perceived by many respondents as facing many constraints. The study concludes with recommendations of managerial and policy implications.

Email: melabass5@gmail.com

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Titulo: COLLECTIVE ACTION FOR DEVELOPMENT OF PROO-POOR FORESTRY POLICY IN NEPAL (LESSONS FROM FEDERATION OF COMMUNITY FORESTRY USERS’ NEPAL)

Autores: Khanal, Dil Raj

Tema: 6. Organizando el desarrollo forestal
Subtema: 6.3 Institucionalidad, observancia de las leyes y gobernanza

Resumen: The Federation of Community Forestry Users, Nepal (FECOFUN) was established in 1995 with the vision of poverty alleviation through sustainable management of community forest and strengthening good governance in forestry sector. FECOFUN has spent around one and half decade for advocating to strength the pro-poor forestry policy process in Nepal. Many pro-poor policy provisions have incorporated in forestry policy, laws, directives, guidelines, periodic plans and programs of forestry sector in Nepal. However the policy implementation mechanism of the government is weak. Therefore, FECOFUN always is contributing to develop and implement these pro-poor policy provisions of forestry sector at community level by mobilizing its local level organizational structures. As a representative organization of around 15 thousands Community Forestry Users Groups (CFUGs) of Nepal, FECOFUN has been mobilizing its districts/local structures and volunteer members for implantation and monitoring of pro-poor forestry policy at community level. From last few years, FECOFUN has been supporting to make pro-poor operational plan and constitution of CFUGs, which secure the rights of poor members of CFUGs over forest resources by allocating forest land them for income generation activities. Many CFUGs are also involving in producing of forest products for commercialization, marketing and supply to industrial sector. However, CFUGs was exploited from unfair trade practices of forest products. Therefore, policy advocacy for establishment of pro-poor community-based forest enterprise (cooperatives, cottage industries, rural companies) and payment of environmental service (including carbon trade) at community level is another intervention of FECOFUN. Now, lots of community-based forest enterprises are functioning at community level with the involvement of CFUGs and becoming instrumental measure for income generation to poor members of CFUGs. This paper will analyze the success stories or strategies as well as best practices of FECOFUN for the advancement of pro-poor forestry policy in Nepal. And the paper will also give emphasis on the lesson learned by CFUGs through this process.

Email: dlkhanal@yahoo.com

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Titulo: Collective forest tenure reform in China: transforming from simple property right claim to integrated rural social development policy

Autores: Luo, Yaofeng; Liu, Jinlong

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.1 Tenencia de la tierra

Resumen: As the forestry tenure reform in collective forest area gone into depth, we found it is hard to be implemented well in many locates in China, particularly in the western China, to achieve primary goals of the reform to improve forest management and livelihoods of local people if the reform centralized on clarification of the forestry property right. This study reviews the property right issues and points out the different meaning about tenure clarification in the theory of New Institutional Economics and Sociology. We believe that it is not a simple process in the re-allocation of the property right of collective forest in terms of economic return. The reform has to be adapted to a variety of conditions of social relations, following the traditional village’s social rules, and influencing by the environment of economic activities and adhering to logic of the social constraints. At the same time, through study of the rural development process and status in the collective forest area in China, we maintain that it is necessary of the reform to offer supports to eliminate rural poverty, create jobs, safeguard the livelihood for farmers, increase rural social capital and protect the natural resources. Therefore, the collective forest tenure system reform policy should be transformed from the idea of focusing on efficiency and simple property rights clarification to the approach of integrated rural social development to get both fair and efficient results. Finally, we argue that in order to adapt the reform into the integrated rural social development policy framework, three core principles should be highlighted: focusing on grass-roots masses; adopting integrated approaches when taking measures or analyzing the reform policy; stressing on the combination of the macro-policy and micro-level practice of knowledge system. Analysis of the above will be followed by a number of specific measures recommendations: diversification of stakeholders and cross-sectoral collaboration of government, local communities, and non-governmental organizations; empowering farmers to participate in and benefit from the reform policy; maintaining social fairness and justice; providing full range of integrated services in forestry, technical, market, security and political support; farmers re-organization and maintenance of social capital; combination of the macro-policy and micro-level practice of knowledge system.

Email: lyfcl@163.com, liujinlong_jl@hotmail.com

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