Titulo: Challenges of a new vision: Linking local community initiatives and aspirations to biodiversity conservation

Autores: Srivastava, Sanjay

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.3 Gestión y procesos participativos

Resumen: Opinions and interpretations of environmental maintenance, creation, transformation and transitions are hotly contested issues. It is argued that inappropriate technologies and land management practices have added to the effects of deforestation, desertification and loss of biodiversity. On other hand, however, indigenous rural land users have tried to maintain and increase forest productivity and balance. This study examines the intervention strategies, methods and tools employed by different actors, as well as underlying interests and assessment of options in conflict management and resolution. This paper outlines the local institutional environment in a sample of villages in rural India. An analysis of the social, economic and biological issues and the dynamics of the communication and conflicts between the state and the local communities was done. It examines informal initiatives of local communities to protect the natural resources and the environment without any apparent support of government agencies. It also studies whether membership in these institutions is itself restricted by the expectations of economic and social benefits from the government in due course. The paper examines the interaction of local communities with the institutions. It examines whether over and above the standard determinants of human welfare, local institutions could be making a difference in development outcomes such as new livelihood opportunities and capital asset growth. The findings suggest that a participatory approach is desired and possible which requires establishment of conflict resolution mechanisms and open networks for information exchange. The partnership activities of the study yielded enhanced collaboration, conflict management and adaptive learning through strategic use of participatory approaches. The paper concludes that any attempt to improve the delivery of ecosystem goods and services from a long term perspective is likely to fail, unless conceived in the context of the informal social economy. It seeks action in following areas: • Study of the politicized environment as outcome in environmental change which is determined by relative powers of agents with conflicting agendas. • Coping with sustaining livelihood and environmental security.

Email: srivastavas1@yahoo.com

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Titulo: Changements climatiques induisant de fortes mortalités dans les écosystèmes forestiers : Cas du Dieback du Cèdre de lAtlas (Cerdus atlantica M.) dans l’Algérie

Autores: Chenchouni, Haroun

Tema: 4. Cuidando nuestros bosques
Subtema: 4.3 Otros disturbios

Resumen: La forêt Algérienne soumise à de longues périodes de sécheresse estivale, assujettie aux incendies très fréquents est de plus en plus fragilisée et affaiblie. Les Cédraies algériennes dénoncent d’inquiétants problèmes de dépérissements en particulier celles se trouvant dans les étages bioclimatiques semi-arides notamment dans les Aurès (Est du pays). Le cèdre de l’atlas (Cedrus atlantica) est une essence endémique des montagnes de l’Afrique du Nord. Il occupe une superficie totale de 30.000 hectares dont 17.820 ha se trouvent dans la région des Aurès Actuellement, cette espèce traverse une période pluriannuelle de sécheresse due aux aléas climatiques, qui sont à l’origine de son dépérissement massif et la dégradation de son cortège floristique ainsi que la disparition de nombreuses espèces animales liées. Plusieurs études ont été menées dans l’objectif de connaître l’origine de ce dépérissement afin de proposer des solutions pour aménager des forêts dégradées. Toutefois ces études restent fragmentaires. Par ailleurs, le déclenchement du phénomène de dépérissement s’explique par la conjonction des stress hydriques attribuables à des épisodes climatiques défavorables (faibles périodes de précipitations neigeuses, phénomènes intenses de sécheresse) et l’état sylvicole médiocre des peuplements (vieillissements délits). Cette communication se veut une synthèse sur ce phénomène naturel régressif qui a touché 40 à 80% des cédraies des Aurès. Elle mettra en évidence les hypothèses avancées quant à l’explication de ce dépérissement qui est, en fait, la résultante de l’interaction de plusieurs facteurs de stress de nature abiotique et biotique agissants de façon consécutive ou concomitante à savoir : (i) les facteurs de prédisposition qui affaiblissent les peuplements (réchauffement atmosphérique, diminution des précipitations,...), faible réserve en eau dans le sol, sénescence des peuplements,... (ii) Les Facteurs dincitation qui favorisent l’apparition des symptômes. Ils agissent de façon intense sur une période relativement courte. Ils peuvent être d’origine abiotique (accidents climatiques) ou d’origine biotique (insectes défoliateurs Coleoptera : Acleris undulana, Epinotia algeriensis, Epinotia cedricida ; Hymenoptera : Thaumetopoea bonjeani, Thaumetopoea pityocampa,... ou agents cryptogamiques Hypodermella sp., Lophodermium cerina, Lophodermium cedrinum, Verticillium sp., Armillaria sp., …). (iii) Les Facteurs de contribution qui accentuent la perturbation : Stress abiotiques, Coléoptères xylophages (Buprestidae, Scolytidae, Cerambycidae, Curculionidae, Bostrychidae,...), champignons causant les pourridiés, ...

Email: chenchouni@yahoo.fr

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Titulo: CHANGES IN THE HORIZONTAL STRUCTURE OF MANILKARA HUBERI A. CHEV. POPULATION IN A LOGGED AREA AT THE TAPAJÓS NATIONAL FOREST, STATE OF PARÁ, BRAZIL

Autores: Tati, Tatiana Da Cunha Castro; Olegário, João Olegário Pereira De Carvalho

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.1 Manejo y dinamica de bosques

Resumen: Manilkara huberi A. Chev. (Sapotaceae) occurs in terra firme forests in Amazonia up to the altitude of 700m. It is one of the most harvested species in the region because of its very valuable timber in both national and international markets. Due to very intensive logging the structure of Manilkara huberi population has strongly changed in the Amazonian region. Studies are needed to better understand the behavior of the species population to allow make plans to guarantee its important presence in the forest structure. Changes in the horizontal structure population of Manilkara huberi were analyzed in a 64ha area at the Tapajós National Forest, State of Pará, Brazil, during 26 years after logging (1981-2007). Data were obtained from 36 50mx50m permanent sample plots (9ha sample), randomly distributed in the area, considering trees with diameter equal or greater than 5cm, in eight assessments (1981, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1987, 1992, 1997 and 2007). Abundance, frequency, basal area and importance value index (IVI) of Manilkara huberi were evaluated. The study area was logged in 1979 and Manilkara huberi was one of the species that were harvested but changes on its population structure were not significant during the 26-year study period. Abundance changed from 3.3 trees.ha-1 (1981) to 2.8 trees.ha-1 (2007), frequency also was reduced from 3.3% to 2.8% and basal area increased from 0.21m2.ha-1 to 0.30m2.ha-1. The IVI reduced from 1.9 in 1981 to 1.5 in 1997 but increased to 1.6 in the end of the study period. The results showed that the logging caused low impact on number of trees, frequency, basal area and volume of Manilkara huberi. The number of trees and the frequency were slightly reduced, while basal area and volume increased, indicating that some silvicultural activities probably could improve the population of the species. Studies involving seed bank, seedlings and saplings, as well as reproductive biology of this species should be intensified in the study area.

Email: ccastro.tatiana@gmail.com, olegario@pq.cnpq.br

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Titulo: Changes of humus forms during Norway spruce stand regeneration – effects of management system and tree species

Autores: Podrázský, Vilém

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.3 Restauración y rehabilitación de ecosistemas forestales

Resumen: The presentation aims to evaluate the changes of the humus forms during the stand regeneration, comparing the natural regeneration by slight shelter-cutting and clear-cut regeneration in small patches – gaps, with plantation of different forest tree species. The mature Norway spruce stand was compared with the parts with advanced natural regeneration of the same species and with the stands of Norway spruce, European beech, Sessile oak and Grand fir. The site is characterized as 4P1 – acid oak-fir site with Luzula nemorosa, the geological bedrock is formed by cretaceous sandstone with loess overlays, the soils are characterized as Luvisols, terrain is flat in the altitude 420 – 440 m a.s.l.. Site conditions represent large areas of the Central Bohemia, respectively Central Europe. The humus form samples (L - litter, F - fragmentation, H - humufication, Ah – the uppermost mineral horizon) were sampled in 4 replications, quantitatively for the holorganic layers. The dry mass amount and total nutrient contents were analyzed for holorganic horizons, the basic pedochemical characteristic (pH, soil adsorption complex characteristics /S – bases content, H – hydrolytical acidity, T – cation exchange acidity, V – base saturation/, exchangeable acidity and exchangeable nutrients) for all horizons. The results confirmed considerable responses of the humus form accumulation and characteristics to the regeneration processes and tree species change. The amount of the surface humus increased in the parts under Norway spruce natural regeneration from 65.86 to 68.68 t/ha of the dry matter, the clear-cut formation and artificial regeneration lead to the decrease to 45.64 t/ha (Norway spruce), 38.40 t/ha (beech), 39.72 t/ha (oak) and 35.51 t/ha (Grand fir) respectively. There were visible and positive effects of particular species, especially of the Grand fir on the surface layers characteristics. The changes were much less visible at natural regeneration. Especially the Grand fir and broad-leaved species support the litter with good composition, transforming more easily and forming humus forms with higher quality comparing with coniferous species.

Email: podrazsky@fld.czu.cz

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Titulo: Changes of soil carbon and nitrogen- A perspective on an Acacia Mangium plantation in a tropical forest soil

Autores: Vijayanathan, Jeyanny; Yahya, Ahmad Zuhaidi; Wan Chik, Suhaimi; Yaacob, Adzmi; Kassim, Amir Saaiffuddin

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.2 Bosques plantados

Resumen: The dynamic soil and plant ecosystems are greatly influenced by soil organic matter, particularly carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). Any variations in its composition due to harvest management practices would reflect on silvicultural sustainability of planted forest and global environment change. The present study was conducted to quantify the soil C and N under different ages and rotation of Acacia mangium, and to determine the spatial variability of soil C and N with regards to soil depths in a tropical forest soil at Kemasul Forest Reserve, West Malaysia. The sites selected covered natural forest (NF, control), Acacia 1st rotation of more than 20 years (1RA), Acacia 2nd rotation of 0-3 months old seedlings (2RA), Acacia 2nd rotation of 3-6 months old seedlings (2RB), and Acacia 2nd rotation of 4 years old stands (2RC).Soil samples were collected at depths of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and 10 -30 cm at different age classes of Acacia mangium plantation and natural forest. The samples were analyzed for C and N content using Walkey & Black method and Kjedahl method respectively. The results were tested for statistical differences using a normal ANOVA and means were separated according to Tukey. Soil C and N were significantly higher in the 2nd rotation Acacia mangium in 0- 3 months and 3-10 months old seedlings compared to natural forest (control). The differences due to spatial variability were eminent when soil C and N decreased with increasing soil depths.

Email: jeyanny@frim.gov.my, zuhaidi@frim.gov.my, suhaimiwc@frim.gov.my, adzmi@frim.gov.my, saaiff@frim.gov.my

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Titulo: Changes of Species Composition and Diversity along the Restoration Processes of Sub-alpine Bamboo-Faxon Fir Forests in Western Sichuan, China

Autores: Shi, Zuomin

Tema: 1. Bosques y biodiversidad
Subtema: 1.3 Restauración y rehabilitación de ecosistemas forestales

Resumen: Restoration of degraded forests is very important, especially in developing countries, from many points of view. The sub-alpine forests in western Sichuan, China, have important ecological functions. Their restoration is important for forest conservation, regional environment improvement and social and economic sustainable development. By adopting the method of space as a substitute for time, the dynamics of species composition and diversity of different restoration series (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 year restoration) in secondary forests in western Sichuan, China, were studied based on investigations of 47 plots. The series that came from natural regeneration in combination with reforestation of spruce when the old-growth bamboo-faxon fir forests were harvested, distribute in the north or northwest aspect at altitudes between 3 100-3 600 m. The importance value of dominant species varied with restoration processes. The restoration series were classified into three stages according to their dominant species, which were Rubus spp. and Rosa spp. shrubs stage, Betula spp. broad-leaved forests stage and Abies faxoniana-Betula albo-sinensis coniferous and broadleaved mixed forests stage. The species composition varied among the restoration stages, and there were trends that shade-tolerance species would replace pioneer species in arbor, shrub and herb layers. Herb species richness decreased, while tree and shrub species richness increased with the restoration time, and the species number of arbor and shrub exceeded herb species at fifty year restoration stage. With the restoration time, Shannon-Wiener diversity index of arbor and shrub layer tended to increase and that of herb layer tended to decrease. Evenness index of all layers tended to increase, Simpson dominance index of arbor layer tended to decrease, while that of shrub and herb layers increased within 0-40 year restoration stage and decreased in 50 years restoration stage. Generally, the species diversity indices of growth forms had similar trend at the different restoration stages, that was herb layer shrub layer tree layer.

Email: shizm@forestry.ac.cn

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Titulo: Changing definition of Community Forestry in India and Canada

Autores: Singh, Monika; Chandran, Ajith

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.3 Gestión y procesos participativos

Resumen: Community forestry is understood differently in different contexts. In most global situations it entails participation of community in varying degrees for managing forests. While studies show the importance of delegation of management powers to the community for better protection and regeneration of forests, there are very few instances to show that the powers are delegated. While the concept of community forestry as a means of empowerment of the community over management of forests has been propounded since over two decades, the evolution of the processes in practice is still evolving. Cases of community forestry are generally quoted from the developing world where people depend on forests for their day-to-day livelihood. The concept is fast evolving in the developed countries as well, where there are indigenous communities having some relationship with forests. However, in greatly different political economies of a developed and developing country, the rules of governance differ to a large extent. The authors compare indigenous people’s participation in decision-making and forest governance in Gujarat, India and in British Columbia, Canada, and examine the effect it has on forests. As part of an ongoing research with indigenous communities in both countries, the authors empirically examine the similarities and differences in the processes of participation as part of the community forestry programs. While there are differences in implementation to the field situation due to differences in mode of execution, socio-economic situation of the community, decision making support and expectation of people from government programs; it is found that surprising similarities appear on various aspects of community participation in forest management. Despite differing situations, the similarity at the grassroots level in both the countries is analyzed in the light of people’s involvement in managing their natural resources and the ensuing processes. Learning from both situations is useful to see how community forestry definitions and guidelines may be adapted to the changing global situation.

Email: monikaxing@gmail.com, ajithchandran@yahoo.com

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Titulo: Changing governance of local forests: the Molise Region (Italy)

Autores: Pavone, Nicola

Tema: 2. Produciendo para el desarrollo
Subtema: 2.5 Bosques y energía

Resumen: Global warming and escalating fossil fuels consumptions are creating an urgent need to find ecologically friendly energy sources. Although a shift to produce biomass for energy through commercial tree plantations sounds attractive on formerly agricultural land, and indeed may be imperative given the increasing evidence that global warming is induced by human activity, there are some problems. Fast-growing, short-lived with low-density wood, favoured by many reforestation projects, while forest regeneration and restoration are long-term processes that can take a century or more. To date, most efforts to evaluate different energy crops have focused on their merits for reducing greenhouse-gas emissions or biomass use. However, a key factor affecting tree plantations efficacy is whether native forest ecosystems are destroyed to produce biomass. Full environmental benefits of forests are also promoted by long-lived, slow-growing tree species with dense wood and slow turnover of woody tissues, including services for biodiversity conservation, hydrological functioning, and soil protection. Opportunities in the Mediterranean region to combine tree plantation goals, increasing carbon offsets, with sustainable forest management approaches, promoting community participation, depend on the difficulty in quantifying forest carbon stock and its changes at the regional level. To assess the implications of the current patterns of woodfuel production and use, and the sustainable potentials of woodfuel resources, requires a holistic view and a better knowledge of the spatial patterns of woodfuel supply and demand. A GIS-based spatial analysis of woodfuel supply and demand, able to articulate local heterogeneity at the regional level, has been integrated with information on inventory, typology and mapping for the forests of the Molise Region (Italy). This geographical tool, assembling dispersed sets of data and analysis of key variables, would provide practical implementation of spatially explicit results, to assess the sustainability of woodfuel as a renewable and widespread energy source, while supporting strategic planning and policy formulation of Molise Region.

Email: pavone.nicola@mail.regione.molise.it

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Titulo: Changing Models of Forest Governance: Evolution or Revolution?

Autores: Singhal, Rekha

Tema: 6. Organizando el desarrollo forestal
Subtema: 6.3 Institucionalidad, observancia de las leyes y gobernanza

Resumen: The linkages between quality of governance in development and social transformation are recognized by development theorists and practitioners. Governance is about how, for what ends resources are managed, decisions are taken and implemented (or not implemented). In the background of Indias split development, this paper analyses its dilemma, which is currently involved in economic reform and liberalization process. The dilemma results from two opposing pulls - to achieve economic and social development, urge for modernization, advancement through application of new knowledge and technology along with preservation of cultural values, and wisdom that had held the society together over the centuries. Due to transition phase, presently the dilemma is quite pronounced. The paper is divided in five sections. Firstly, an attempt has been made to answer to the questions, what is governance and why does it matter in general and specifically in forestry sector? What is the relationship between foreign aid and governance? Answer to these questions will be crucial for the next section which portrays changing patterns of governance before and after debt crisis and structural adjustment programme in India. Although, as the nation India has continuous and documented history from about 2000 B.C, however, the history of modern India considered to begin in 1947 with the independence from British rule. Based on the analysis of selected Indian forest policies and plans, this section traces various phases of forest governance evolved in India, since Independence. In the process of evolution from command and control to multi-actor networked governance four main trends are discerned: (i) increasing importance of non-state actors in the governance realm; (ii) growing importance of market economy and the rise of new socio-economic groups; (iii) multi- scalar policy processes; and (iv) and the increasing involvement of legal and judicial arena . The involvement of an increasing number and wider array of actors, however, poses several challenges. The diversity of India, in terms of actors, their capacity and interests, power positions, along with problems of inefficiency, corruption, and troubled politics has increased the complexity and power imbalances. Finally to address these issues, need of revolutionary change in behaviour of state and non-state actors, linkage between institutional reform and public policy and capacity building implications are imperative.

Email: rekhasinghal@gmail.com

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Titulo: Changing Role of Communication in Community Forestry

Autores: Chandran, Ajith; Singh, Monika

Tema: 7. Gente y bosques en armonía
Subtema: 7.3 Gestión y procesos participativos

Resumen: Globally, community forestry has been steadily expanding in its extent and scope. More and more rural communities living near forests have found community forestry as a legitimate way to access, control and manage resources that are critical to their livelihood and cultural needs. Over the years community forestry has taken many shapes and are called differently in different countries and sometimes in different parts of the same country. Most countries see it as a means of involving community for the benefit of the community and forest that they manage. While policies and institutions play an important role, the importance of communication between different entities like the government and the Community Based Institutions (CBIs) is often not given the importance that it deserves. This is even more important especially with rapid changes in technology, changes in environment including climate and its influence on younger generation. The values and aspirations that exist at the community level require reassessment and incorporation into local management plans. Though efforts for including community in the planning process exist, these often do not include values and aspirations of the community that do not conform to existing frameworks of government policies. Lack of communication and continued top down approach may no longer be an effective or accepted means of governance function. The presentation showcases experiences and empirical data of the authors from Gujarat in India and British Columbia in Canada. It looks at traditional modes of communication existing in these two countries with vastly differing rural economies but comparable cultural interests in its tribal and first nation societies. It highlights the problems and issues associated with existing communication methods and strategies. It looks at the scope of innovative approaches like “Horizontal Communication” and shares experiences for the potential use of Q-Method to assess and communicate values and perceptions in a meaningful way for effective management.

Email: ajithchandran@yahoo.com, monikaxing@gmail.com

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